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Symbiosis
Means "To live together"
Mutualism
Symbiosis where both partners benefit
Commensalism
Symbiosis where one partner benefits, and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Parasitism
Symbiosis where one partner benefits, and the other is harmed
Normal (Resident) Flora
Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations
True Pathogens
All __________ are parasites.
Infection
A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply
Pathogen
Infectious agent; takes over and multiplies
Infectious Disease
An infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs
Normal Flora in Hosts
Organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease
Resident Microbiota, Transient Microbiota
Two types of Normal Flora
Sterile
Uterus and contents are normally _________ and remain so until just before birth
Fetal Membrane
Breaking of the ____________ exposes the infant; all subsequent handling and feeding continue to introduce what will be normal flora
Normal Flora
___________ is essential to the health of humans
Antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease
What alters flora?
Probiotics
What introduces known microbes back into the body?
Resident Flora
____________ are a part of the normal flora throughout life
Opportunistic Pathogens
Normal flora that cause disease under certain circumstances Ex: Candida
Immune suppression, changes in normal flora, intro of n.f. into unusual site in body
What conditions provide opportunities for pathogens?
Reservoirs of Infection
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
Animal, Human carriers, Nonliving reservoir
What are the three types of reservoirs?
Zoonoses
Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans
Direct contact with animal/ its waste, eating animals, mosquitos
How do we acquire zoonoses through various routes
Vector
A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
anthropods
Majority of vectors are ______
Biological vectors
Actively participate in a pathogen's life cycle
Mechanical vector
Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected Ex: Flies
Nonliving reservoirs
Soil, water, and food can be reservoirs of infection Presence of microoganisms often due to contamination by feces or urine
Human Carriers
Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but ineffective to others
Adhesion
The colonizing stage in the development of an infection
Invasion
The speeding stage in the development of an infection
Multiplication
Every infection needs _________.
Disease
The last stage in the Development of Infection
Adhesion
The first stage in the development of an infection
Pathogenicity
Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity
Virulence Factors
Adhesion factors Biofilm Extracellular enzyme Toxins Antiphagocytic factors All these are examples of what?
Infectious Disease
Minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed are a requirement for a(n) what?
Greater Virulence
Microbes with small IDs have what?
10^8, Cholera
What is the worst degree of infectious dose estimate?
Incubation period
What is the first stage of infectious stage?
Incubation Period
What is the stage where you feel no syptoms for 5-7 days?
Prodromal Period
What is the second stage of infectious disease?
Prodromal Period
What is the stage of infectious disease where you feel vague general syptoms?
illness
What is the most severe stage of infectious disease?
illness
What is the third stage of infectious disease?
Decline
What is the fourth stage of infectious diseases?
Decline
What is the infectious disease stage where there is a decline in signs and symptoms?
Convalescence
What is the last stage of infectious disease?
Convalescence
What is the stage of infectious disease where you feel no signs or symptoms after recovering?
Epidemiology
The study where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted
Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a population due to a certain diseases
Morbidity rate
Number of people afflicted with a certain disease
Prevalence
Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a during a given period of time
Endemic
Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale
Sporadic
When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals
Epidemic
When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected
Pandemic
Epidemic across continents ex: aids, flu
16 mill.
The Spanish flue in 1928, during WW 1 killed how many?
Epidemiology
Agencies at the local,state, national, and global levels share information concerning diesase
Public Health
WHO is an example of this
Disease
Public health agencies work to limit _____ by monitoring water and food safety
Nosocomial Infections
Infection that is acquired in the hospital Ex: Mersa
Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defense
What are the two categories for the Body's defenses?
Innate (Nonspecific)
_______ Defenses are older and have immune systems Chemical and Cellular Defenses
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
A cell of an acquired system be specific to certain strands of bacteria
Innate and Adaptive
What are the two types of Host defenses?
Innate Defenses
Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection Fast in reaction
Adaptive immunities
Speciific, must be acquired Slow in reaction Brings you memory
Physical barriers, immunologically active cells, and a variety of chemicals
To protect the body against pathogens, the immune system relies on a multilevel network on what?
Skin and mucous membrane, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
What are some structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body?
Bile
________ is anti microbrial
Healthy immune system
Surveillance of the body Recognition of foreign materila Destruction of enities deemed to be foreign All these are function of _________.
Detect foreign material, recognize, and destroy
What are the functions of a healthy immune system?
Microbial antagonism
Normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens
Normal Microbiota
Activities of _____ make it hard for other pathogens to do: consumption of nutrients create an environment unfavorable to other micoorgansims Help stimulate the body's second line of defense Promote overall health by providing vitamins to host
Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes
What are cells and cell fragments in plasma that act as defense components of blood?
Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen and carbon diooxide in the blood
Platelets
Involved in blood clotting (Thrombocle) and important to seal
Leukocytes
Involved in defending the body against invaders (WBC)
Leukocytes
These are the cells of the immune system
Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPS)
Molecules shared by microorganisms Ex: RNA's and PR
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
Receptors on WBCs for Pamps Recognize patterns
Phagocytes
Cells capable of phagocytosis Special form of endocytosis
Macrophages, Neutophils, Dendritic cells
What are the types of phagocytes?
Chemotaxis
First step of Phagocytosis where they attract
Adherence
...
Ingestion
Form bubble around object The third step of Phagocytosis
Killing and Elimination
The last processes of Phagocytosis
Eosinophils
Attack certain parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface Secrete toxins that weaken or kill helminths
Basophils
Naturally developing Important in some parasitic infection major players in allergic responses Where Histomine comes from
Worms
Phagocytes cannot eat ______.
Inflammation
Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Complement
Set of serum proteins designated numerically Destruction can be direct or direct
Classical pathways, alternate pathway, Lectin pathway
Complement can be activated in 3 ways, and ends in destruction. What are these 3 ways?
Vasal Dilations
Blood vessels expanding/ widened and WBC enter/ fluid Yet, seal Blood steam so bacteria cannot enter it.This is what?
Antigen
Molecules interact with T and B cells
Adaptive
What is the most effective line of defense?
Specificity and Memory
Two features that characterize specific immunity are what?
Memory
Lymphocytes are programmed to "recall" their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters
B cells and T cells
Two main types of lymphocytes are what?
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Cells that are mature in the bone marrow
T Lyphocytes (T cells)
Cells mature in the thymus
B Cells
After stimulated, ________, becomes an Humoral immune response
T Cells
After stimulated, _________, become Cell-mediated immune responses
Antibodies
The Humoral Immunity releases molecules called ______ that are membrane bound by B cells
1;1
______ cell clone, ______ antigen
T cells and Cytotoxic cells
T lymphocytes regulate function through what?
Defective, Chemicals
T lymphocytes will not secrete attracted to ________ molecules, but instead will release _____ that will kill
Clonal Selection Theory
Lymophocytes genetic produce a tremendous variety of different cells with specific receptors Undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo a continuous series of division and genetic changes that generate millions of different cell types. This is called what?
Specifity
Each genetically different type of lymphocyte (cell) expresses a sing ______.
Antigen, lymphocyte
First introduction of each type of _______ into the immune system selects a genetically distinct ________.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis
Receptor genes of B cells govern what?
Glycoproteins
Large ___________ serve as specific receptors of B cells
4;2;2
Immunoglobulin are composed of _____ polypeptide chaing _______ identical heavy chains and ______identical light chains
Antigen Binding Sites
Y shaped Arrangement ends of the fork formed by variable what?
The Forks
What is the difference between Memory and Plasma Cell tails?
Plasma Cells
_____________ are end stage of a B cells development after stimulation
Clonal Explosion
Once B cells process the Ag, interact with T cells, they enter the cell cycle in preparation for ________
Plasma Cells
Divisions give rise to _________ that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later
T Lymphocytes (T cells)
Produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus
Cytoplasmic membrane
T cells have receptors on their what?
Cytotoxic
T lymphocyte that Directly kills other cells
Helper
T lymphocyte that helps regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Regulatory
Lymphocyte that represses adaptive immune responses
Vaccinations
These are caused by being exposed to part/ killed pathogen or deteriated strains, or products pathogens produced such as toxin into active form ->toxoid
IGM
1st reponse to toxoid
IGA
Toxoid mainly found in mucus
IgG
Most abandoned serum
Immunity
______ builds memory cells actively
Active Immunity
The specific immunity acquire during an individuals life
Naturally Acquired
Response against antigens encountered in daily life
Artificially Acquired
Respons to Antigens introduced via vaccine
Passive
When body doesn't create immunity, but from horse, cow, etc.
Passive
IgA from breast milk is considered what?
Passive Immunity
Person receives antibodies from another source
No memory
What is one drawback to Passive Immunity?
Artificial active immunity
Deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but no pathogenic
Vaccine
Principle is to stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic response to prepare the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen
Prokaryotic cells
What is the most diverse group of cellular microbes?
Binary Fission
Divides into tow daughter cells with exact DNA as parent
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and one chromosome
What are some structures that are essential to the functions of all prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus and complex internal structures
What do prokaryotes lack?
Small
Most prokaryotes are ________ in diameter and have a simple structure.
Generation Time
Doubling of the cells; time it takes to form a new generation
20 years
What is the generation time in humans?
Cytoplams, plasma membrane, DNA,
What Structures that are essential to the prokaryote cell?
Glycocalyces
Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell
Glycocalyces
What external cell structure is important in making biofilm?
S.Mutans
What is found in the mouth, thrives on sugar, and is an anarobic organsim?
Polysaccharides, polypeptides, or mix
Glycocalyces are composed of what?
Flagella
What is responsible for movement extend beyond cell surface?
Filament, hook, and basal body
What are the 3 parts of flagella?
Filament
What is a long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
Hook
What is a curved sheath?
Basal Body
What has stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall?
Flagella
What functions in motility of cell through environment?
Monotrichous
Flagellar arrangement where single flagellum at one end
Lophotrichous
Flagellar arrangements where small bunches emerging from the same site
Amphitrichous
Flagellar arrangement where flagella at both ends of cell
Peritrichous
Flagella dispersed over surface of cell
Flagellar Responses
What guides bacteria in a direction in response to external stimulus
Chemotaxis
What is a chemical stimuli in flagellar responses
Phototaxis
What is a light stimuli in flagellar responses?
Flagellar responses
What signal sets flagella into rotary motion clockwise or counter clockwise
Run
Counterclockwise results in smooth linear direction which causes it to do what?
Tumble
Clockwise signals cause flagella to do what?
Axial Filaments
Periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes is called what?
Cellular Motility
Axial filaments produce _________ by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
Fimbriae
What are fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles from the cell surface?
Adhesion
Fimbriae functions in ___________ to other cells and surfaces
Pillin Protein
Pili is the rigid tubular structure made of what?
Conjugation
The function of Pili is to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer calles what?
Bacterial Cell Walls
What provides structure and shape and protects cells from osmotic forces?
shapes
Bacterial cell walls give bacterial cells what?
Peptidoglycan
Bacterial cell walls mostly contain what?
Gram + and Gram -
What are the two basic types of bacterial cells walls?
NAM
What type of Peptidoglycan only form peptide bridges?

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