BIOL 1050: Exam 1
99 Cards in this Set
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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folds and packages proteins for shipping
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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makes lipids, like hormones, and breaks down drugs and poisons in blood
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Golgi apparatus
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receives products from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies and packages molecules for shipping; makes some carbs
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lysosomes
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a membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that break down large molecules without damaging the cell (in animal cells)
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central vacuole
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membrane enclosed sac in plant cells that can store items such as pigments (to attract pollinators), water (to grow), or poisons (to protect agains herbivores).
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mitochondria
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the site of cellular respiration which converts food into energy in the form of ATP
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cytoskeleton
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a network or fibers that provide support and can be used for cell movement; maintains cell shape
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cell walls
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around the outside of plant (and bacterial) cells provide structural strength, increase water resistance, and protect against damage caused by animals
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chloroplast
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uses sun energy to convert CO2 and water into sugars (food) in the process of photosynthesis
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nucleus
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contains the genetic material DNA
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ribosomes
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built in the nucleus and shipped to cytoplasm; site were proteins are made
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plasma membrane
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surrounds the outsides of all cells; determines what can pass into and out of a cell
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biology
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scientific study of life
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scientific hypothesis
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tentative explanation that needs to be tested to answer questions. must be testable and falsifiable
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descriptive-inductive reasoning
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when you make a bunch of specific observations and put them together to form a view of the way the world works
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experimental-deductive reasoning
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general idea of the way the world works to make specific observations of new situatons
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dependent variable
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the response variable you are measuring- goes on y axis
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independent variable
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predictor variable you hypothesize is responsible for the variation variable- goes on x axis
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pseudoscience
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make scientific claims without any data/ scientific info to back them up
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anecdotal evidence
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people making claims on scientific studies that have very small sample size
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centriole
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appears in animal cells but not plant cells
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cellular respiration
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process that converts energy stored in food to ATP- occurs in mitochondria
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Is it possible to prove a hypothesis?
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No. Data SUPPORT a hypothesis, but further repeated tests are needed to "prove" it.
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Why do we use statistics?
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-To describe data
-To tell the probability that our experimental group and control group differ by chance alone
-Help us gather large amounts of data together to examine them
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Can statistics tell us if an experiment is valid?
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Not necessarily- they cannot correct poor experiments
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correlation
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A measure of the RELATIONSHIP between two variables (not that one CAUSES another)
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After a scientist completes an experiment, what happens?
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-Writes a paper
-Submits it to a journal
-Journal sends it to experts in field to peer review
-Experts read and evaluate
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After peer review, what happens?
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The paper is either
1) rejected by the journal
2) journal asks for revisions and publishes later
3) journal publishes right away
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Primary vs Secondary source
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Primary-- articles written by researchers themselves that have undergone peer review
Secondary-- news and media sources
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cell
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the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
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How many cells are in an organism?
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can be single celled or multicellular
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cell theory
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the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms (later expanded to say all cells arise from previously existing cells)
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Prokaryotic cell
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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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Eukaryotic cell
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A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
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4 structures in all prokaryotic cells
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1) Plasma membrane (surrounds outside of cell)
2) DNA (circular, not much of it)
3) RibosomesÂ
4) Cytoplasm (jelly like fluid inside cell containing salts, waters, enzymes)
(OPEN WAREHOUSE)
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3 main sections of eukaryotic cells
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1) Plasma membrane (surrounds outside of cell)
2) Nucleus (contains DNA)
3) Cytoplasm with organelles
(OFFICE BUILDING)
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What does it mean that plasma membranes are selectively permeable?
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not just any substance can pass through- regulates what gets into the cell and what does not
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What function do the molecules in the plasma membrane have?
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-Binding to chemicals outside cell
-Helping substances pass in/out of cell
-Speeding up chemical reactions
-Giving each cell a "fingerprint" to indicate it belongs
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Four big differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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1) DNA location (P in cytoplasm, E in nucleus)
2) Size (P smaller, E larger)
3) Simplicity (P warehouse, E office building)
4) Age (P 3.5 billion years ago, E 2.5 billion)
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DNA
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type of molecule that provides directions for building proteins
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What do the proteins created by ribosomes do?
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most of the work in the cell!
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organelle
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A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell (most are enclosed in membranes)
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What organelles appear in plant cells but not animal cells?
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-chloroplast (perform photosynthesis, found in leaf cells)
-cell wall (outside of plasma membrane, also found in bacteria)
-vacuole (big storage compartment)
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Why do organisms require food?
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the building blocks to make, maintain, and repair cells, energy source for cells
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producers
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Are organisms that use the Sun's energy to make their own food (all plants, some protus like algea, seaweed, some bacteria).
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consumers
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An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
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What organisms use photosynthesis?
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plants, some bacteria, some protus
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Photosynthesis "formula"
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Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = oxygen (byproduct) + sugar (food)
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When plants grow, new tissue comes from where?
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Carbon in the AIR
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What input of photosynthesis provides the biomass of a plant?
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water, which comes in from soil
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How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?
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CO2 enters through tiny pores on surface of leaves called stomata
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What is lost through stomata?
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H2O and O2
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What does it mean that cellular respiration is an aerobic process?
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a process requiring oxygen
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Equation for cellular respiration
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oxygen + sugar = carbon dioxide (byproduct) + water (byproduct) + ATP (energy)
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Many deadly poisons, including carbon monoxide and cyanide, work by interfering with ____.
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cellular respiration
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ATP
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(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Inhalation
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gives us oxygen needed for cellular respiration (passed from lungs in into red blood cells)
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Exhalation
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gets rid of carbon dioxide released by process of cellular respiration
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Why is ATP useful?
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ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells.
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How does ATP release stored energy?
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the breaking off of the third phosphate, when ATP is converted to ADP by subtracting the third phosphate group
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If we use ATP continuously, why do we not run out?
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Because your body is constantly degrading molecules and obtaining ATP from them, in case that you run out of the main fuel (glucose) your body has the obligation of recurring to fatty acids. These give off a lot of energy as they are "burned" away, so it takes a lot to run out of ATP that…
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fermentation
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A cell getting energy without oxygen.
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Under what circumstances do human cells use fermentation?
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Anaerobic conditions. You need some cells that are trying to make energy from a food source, let's say sugar. You then need a lack of oxygen. In an attempt to make energy, cells will go through fermentation. In humans, they call anaerobic respiration lactic acid fermentation because lacti…
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What causes the burning feeling in muscles?
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lactic acid
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What organisms use fermentation besides people?
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protists, fungus, and yeast
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calorie
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Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
Unit used to measure energy in food
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Food calories are _____. How is this written?
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kilocalories (1 = 1000 calories)
written as Calories
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metabolic rate
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measure of energy use per time (changes with activity level)
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basal metabolic rate
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the energy use of a resting but awake and alert individual
typically around 1400
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How does metabolic rate change with age?
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It slows down
You gain about 0.5 lb per year
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Number of calories needed per day vary with...
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age, gender, genetics
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Daily recommended calories for inactive adult women/ older adults
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1600
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Daily recommended calories for active adult women/inactive adult men
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2200
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Daily recommended calories for active adult men
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2800
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How many Calories do you have to burn to lose 1 lb of fat?
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3500 more Calories than you consume
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BMI
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Body mass index
-used to determine ideal weight
-correlates with health risks
-easy calculation
-correlates well with total body fat
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Why do women need a higher BMI than men?
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-need more body fat to maintain fertility
-thicker layer of tissue under skin
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How do you determine BMI?
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(weight/height^2) x 703 = BMI
<18.5 Underweight, 18.5-24.9 Normal weight, 25-29.9 overweight, >30 obese, >40 morbidly obese
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For whom do BMI readings not apply?
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elderly, children, athletes
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What causes a person to be underweight?
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not taking in enough nutrients
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What are long term health consequences of eating disorders?
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Altered heart rhythms
Osteoporosis
Dental problems
Ruptured stomach
Dehydration
Amennorrhea (cessation of menstruation)
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How many Americans are obese?
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1/4
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What are causes of obesity?
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environmental, genetic, caloric intake/physical activity
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Obesity increases the risks of what health problems?
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Diabetes
High cholesterol
Heart attack
Stroke
Joint problems
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
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Type I vs. Type II diabetes
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I) genetic
II) caused by poor diet
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diabetes
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A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar
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heart attack
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Occurs when blood flow to heart muscle is blocked due to blocked vessels
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stroke
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A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted
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systolic blood pressure
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pressure when heart pumps
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diastolic blood pressure
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pressure when heart relaxes
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How is blood pressure written?
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systolic/diastolic
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What is normal blood pressure?
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120/80
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What is high blood pressure?
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above 140/90
also known as hypertension
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What is the leading cause of hypertension?
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obesity
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LDL cholesterol
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-low density, "bad" blood cholesterol
-delivers cholesterol/ plaque to the arterial walls
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HDL cholesterol
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-high density, "good" cholesterol
-removes excess cholesterol from body to exit in feces
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What is cholesterol level is considered to be high?
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total cholesterol > 200
LDL > 100
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What influences cholesterol levels in the body?
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diet and genetics
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What is included in total cholesterol?
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LDL and HDL
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BIO 1050 Study Guide