Study Questions Chapters 6 and 7PSYC 407 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 – 14Eating Disorders1. Symptoms of anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge-eating disorder.a. Anorexia Nervosai. Refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight ii. (15 % below expected weight)iii. 2. Intense fear of gaining weight and losing control over eating.iv. 3. Significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of one's bodyv. 4. Amenorrheavi. Anxiety symptoms and concerns of eating in public are also common.b. Bulimiai. Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstancesii. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode, defined by a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eatingiii. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain1. Self-induced vomiting (purging)2. Fasting3. Excessive exercise4. Misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medicationsc. Binge-eatingi. Distressed or melancholic mood statesii. -Interpersonal stressorsiii. -Intense hunger following dietary restraintsiv. -Negative feelings related to body weight, shape, and food. v.2. Mortality rate for anorexia compared to other psychological disorders.a. Mortality is over 10 % with deaths occurring from starvation, suicide, medical complicationb. Highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses3. Name some purging techniques.a. Self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.b. Misuse of laxativesc. Misuse of diureticsd. Misuse of enemas4. What are the medical consequences of bulimia, of anorexia?a. Bulimiai. Erosion of enamelii. Complications with weight loss and starvationiii. Complications purging and vomiting, and laxative abuse.b. Anorexia5. Discuss the social and cultural dimensions of eating disorders.a. In the United States, eating disorders are common in young Latin American, Native American, and African American women, but the rates are still lower than in white women.b. Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are most commonly seen in girls and women. Estimates of female-to-male ratio range from 6 : 1 to 10 : 1.6. What psychological characteristics are hypothesized for eating disorders?7. What did the studies on body image perceptions find?a. Endorse Anorexia or Bulimia as desirablei. Lifestyle choices, not a disease8. Describe an integrated model of the causes of eating disorders. What are some important risk factors?a.9. What is the recommended treatment for anorexia? for bulimia?a. Anorexiai. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluoxetine) are commonly considered for patients with anorexia nervosa who have depressive, obsessive, or compulsive symptoms that persist in spite of or in the absence of weight gain. b. Bulimiai. Antidepressants are used primarily to reduce the frequency of disturbed eating and treat comorbid depression, anxiety, obsessions, and certain impulse-disorder symptoms.ii. Medication can reduce binge episodes, but is not sufficient to be the sole treatment Sleep Disorders Study Questions1. What is the difference between the two main classes of sleep disorders? What disorders fall under each major class and what are the symptoms?1. Dyssomniasa. Difficulties in amount, quality, or timing of sleepi. Falling asleep, sleep in class, not refreshed- Primary Insomnia (Problems initiating/maintaining sleep, and/or nonrestorative sleep)a. Painb. Physical discomfortc. Physical inactivityd. Respiratory problemse. Biological clock and temperaturef. Insomniacs may have delayed temp rhythm. Body temp doesn’t drop and they don’t become drowsy until later at night which may interfere (Monk & Moline, 1989)- Primary Hypersomniaa. About 39% have a family history of hypersomniab. Often associated with medical and/or psychological conditions (ex: exposure to some viruses)c. Associated featuresd. Complain of sleepiness throughout the daye. Able to sleep through the nightf.- Narcolepsya. Cataplexyb. Sleep paralysis (brief awakening where you can’t move or speak)c. Hypnagogic hallucinations- vivid terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep)d. in a fire; flying through the aire. Daytime sleepiness does not remit without treatmentf. Genetic models being developedg.- Breathing-related sleep disordera. Breathing interrupted during sleep causes brief arousals through the night; not feel rested and have daytime sleepinessb. Sleep apneac. Muscles in upper airway relax during sleep for alld. If severe, Restricted air flow and/or brief cessations of breathing (10 -30 seconds)e. Dry mouth, a.m. headaches, sleep attacksf. Person unaware; bed partner noticesg. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) h. Airflow stops, but respiratory system worksi. Central sleep apnea (CSA)j. Respiratory systems stops for brief periodsk. CV disease, head trauma, degenerative disordersl. Mixed sleep apneam. Combination of OSA and CSA- Circadian rhythm sleep disordera. Disturbed sleep (i.e., either insomnia or excessive sleepiness)b. Due to brain’s inability to synchronize day and nightc. Nature of circadian rhythms and body’s biological clockd. Circadian rhythms – do not follow a 24 hour clocke. Suprachiasmatic nucleus f. Brain’s biological clock, stimulates melatonin which tells us when to go to sleep (at dark)g. Types of circadian rhythm disordersh. Jet lag type (rapid crossing time zones)i. Shift work typej. Delayed sleep phase typek.2. Parasomniasa. Abnormal behavioral and physiological events during sleepi. Nightmares, sleepwalking2. What symptoms does sleep deprivation cause?3. What are some causes of insomnia? Of circadian rhythm sleep disorders?- Insomnia:o Paino Physical discomforto Physical inactivityo Respiratory problemso Biological clock and temperatureo Insomniacs may have delayed temp rhythm. Body temp doesn’t drop and they don’t become drowsy until later at night which may interfere (Monk & Moline, 1989)o Other Varibales Drug use Changes in light, noise, temperature Other sleep disorders (apnea) stressors Associated features Unrealistic expectations about sleep (must have 8 hours!) Believe lack of sleep will be more disruptive than it usually (I’ll fail if I don’t sleep!)- Circadian rhythm sleep disorderso4. What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?- Cataplexy- Sleep