PSYC 407 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: ALLExam ONE1. Question: In regard to the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that no one criterion has yet been developed that defines abnormality.2. Question: Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorder. For example a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the incidence.3. According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defense, which function as unconscious protective processes.4. According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world will still finding ways to meet our basic needs.5. Aton Mesmer, an early 18th century physician, purported to be effecting cures in patientsby unblocking their flow of a bodily fluid called ‘animal magnetism’. In fact, ant effectiveness of his methods was actually due to the power of suggestion.6. Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to successive approximations to the behavior.7. The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by the behavioral model.8. The process of determining whether an individual’s symptoms meet the criteria for a specific psychological disorder is called diagnosis.9. According to the textbook, the experience of fear can be described as a (n) immediate emotional reaction to danger.10. Recent research by Barlow (2002) and others indicates that vulnerability to anxiety disorders is related to one’s sense of control over environmental events.11. A clinical interview should be based on information from the client’s past life, family history, and current life (all of the above).12. Despite improvements in DMS-IV-TR, what criticism can still be made about the classification system? It categorizes and labels people, which can be pejorative or even self-fulfilling.13. When comparing the brains of rats raised in rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behavior compared to rats raised as ‘couch potatoes’ parts of the brains of the more active contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.14. Neurotransmitters are important because they allow neurons to send signals to other neurons.15. According to the diathesis-stress model, it is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder.16. Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships. These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression. This is an example of the reciprocal gene-environment model.17. Which if the following is not one if the three basic concepts that determine the value of a psychological assessment? Subjectivity18. Hannibal presented with a series of cards that are blots of ink. He is asked to state what he sees on the cards. Hannibal is probably taking a (n) projective test.19. One important advantage of using a classification and diagnostic system like DSM-IV is that knowing a patient’s diagnosis 20. Someone who acts in the basis of things that have happened in the past but who cannot remember the events is acting on implicit memory.21. A clinical interview should be based on information from the client’s past life, family history, and current life (all of the above)22. People who are correctly diagnosed with a DSM-IV disorder like Major Depressive Episode will have most of the same symptoms as others with this disorder.23. Using the multiaxial system of DSM-IV, medical conditions are coded on Axis III.24. All of the following are potential dangers of assigning a diagnostic label EXCPET the patient’s prognosis becomes difficult to predict.25. A researcher is studying the effects of sunlight on depression. The dependent variable is depression and the independent variable is sunlight.26. In research, the term ‘clinical significance’ refers to how large the effect of the treatmentis.27. Avoidance of situations or activities, such as exercise, that produce internal sensations ofphysical arousal similar to a panic attack is called interpersonal avoidance.28. Which of the following people is most likely to develop PSTD? A man who is very angry and blaming about a traumatic experience.29. Valerie tells you she has been having cognitive behavioral therapy for her generalized anxiety disorder. This treatment most likely involves bringing on the worry process during therapy sessions and confronting the anxiety provoking images and worrisome thoughts head-on.30. According to research studies reported in the text, persons with OCS who hold fundamentalist religious beliefs often present with attitudes of inflated responsibility.31. Which of the following would be an example of though-action fusion? Believing that thinking about an abortion is the moral equivalent of having an abortion.32. Anxiety is thought to be a future-oriented state while fear is more immediate.33. Physiological assessments of panic attacks recorded in the laboratory indicate an increase in all of the following EXCEPT stomach contractions.34. The recent research by Johnson, et al. on cigarette smoking by teenagers indicates the possibility that sensitivity of brain circuits can be affected by environmental factors.35. Studies suggest that parents can protect their child from anxiety if they let children explore the world and deal with the unexpected.36. Marjorie stopped attending temple because she was afraid she should yell obscenities atthe rabbi during the service. This is an example of: an obsessive impulse.37. Which of the following terms is most associated with generalized anxiety disorder. Worry38. Research suggest that people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) worry: without images but try to avoid the associated negative affect.39. According to your textbook there are three ways of developing a phobia. Which is NOT one of these ways? Having a nightmare about a feared situation.40. Which of the following would not be considered a social phobia? An individual who cannot travel on public transportation without a family member present.41. The fact that women are more likely to suffer from insect phobias than men is most likely due to cultural expectations.42. What is the most prevalent psychological disorder? Social phobia43. A loud bang will get your heart beating faster and increase your breathing. What part of the nervous system is responsible for