Final Exam Review Concepts from the beginning that we have been discussing throughout the semester Definition of a Mental disorder A group of emotional feelings cognitive thinking or behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant problems 4 things that can help us to define and identify when problems with thoughts behaviors and emotions become disordered Deviance different extreme usual Distress Unpleasant and upsetting Dysfunction causes interference with life Danger poses risk of harm Importance of Prevention Primary Prevention A type of prevention targeting large groups Secondary prevention A type of prevention that addresses of people who have not yet developed a disorder emerging problems while they are still manageable and before they become resistant to interventions Tertiary prevention A type of prevention aimed to reduce the severity duration and negative effects of a mental disorder after it has occurred Problem with Stigma Stigma A characterization by others of disgrace or reproach based on an individual characteristic 5 models biological psychodynamic sociocultural cognitive behavioral and humanistic Biological A perspective of mental disorder that assumes that mental states emotions and behaviors arise from brain function and processes Psychodynamic A model of abnormal behavior that assumes all mental states emotions and behaviors arise from unconscious motives and intrapsychic conflicts Sociocultural A perspective of abnormal behavior that focuses on influences that other people social interactions and social forces exert on a person s mental health Cognitive behavioral Behavioral perspective A perspective of abnormal behavior that assumes that problematic symptoms develop because of the way we learn or observe others Cognitive Perspective A perspective of abnormal behavior that assumes that problematic symptoms develop because of the way we perceive and think about our present and past experiences humanistic A model of abnormal behavior that emphasizes personal growth free will and responsibility Stress diathesis model Diathesis a biological or psychological predisposition to disorder Etiology Cause of mental disorder Risk factors an individual contextual or environmental characteristic correlated with an outcome or condition such as a mental disorder that precedes the development of the disorder Protective Factors A factor that buffers one against the development of a mental disorder Resilience Ability of an individual to withstand and rise above extreme adversity Self care Coping strategies problem solving emotion focused maladaptive styles Dimensions An approach to defining mental disorder along a continuum Case study method In depth examination and observation of one person over time Chapter 8 Sleep Disorders difference between timing of sleep that occur throughout sleep dyssomnias Abnormalities in the amount quality or parasomnias Abnormal behavior or physiological events Insomnia Disorder frequently associated with anxiety depression substance use disorder dementia of the Alzheimer s type Narcolepsy Hyposomnia Disorder Strategies to improve sleep hygiene electronic devices at night setting regular sleep and wake times get appropriate amount of sleep and darkness limit avoid set a buffer time get out of bed if not asleep in 30 minutes limit worries write them down keep bedroom cool bedroom should be used for sleep and sex only avoid trying to fall asleep let sleep happen don t eat or exercise too close to bedtime limit daytime naps and don t nap too close to bedtime avoiding stimulants caffeine and nicotine Chapter 9 Substance Use Disorder A non maladaptive use of alcohol or other drug know the main signs and symptoms of intoxication for opioid psychological behavioral and physiological alcohol repeatedly neglecting your responsibilities at home work or school because of drinking using alcohol in situations where it s physically dangerous experiencing repeated legal problems on account of your drinking continuing to drink even though your alcohol use is causing problems in your relationships drinking as a way to relax or de stress feeling of exhilaration and excess confidence increased alertness increased energy and restlessness behavior changes or aggression dilated pupils rapid or rambling speech delusions and hallucinations irritability or changes in mood stimulant anxiolytic hallucinogenic disorders know the difference between mild moderate severe Substance Intoxication A usually reversible condition triggered by excessive alcohol or other drug use Substance Withdrawal Maladaptive behavioral changes that result when a person stops using a particular drug Delirium Tremens Binge Drinking NIAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration BAC levels to 0 08 This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men in about 2 hours The substance abuse and mental health services administration SAMHSA which conducts the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH defines binge drinking as drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasions on at least 1 day in the past 9 days Relapse Prevention Motivational Interviewing pre contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance relapse readiness rulers importance confidence readiness Impulse Control Disorders gambling characterized by persistent and recurrent maladaptive patterns of gambling behavior and has been described as a chronic relapsing condition when either witnessing or participating in their aftermath needed for personal use pyromania pleasure gratification or relief when setting fires or kleptomania repetitive uncontrollable stealing of items not Chapter 10 Personality Traits Can be thought of a readiness to act in a certain way openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism Personality disorders Mental disorders involving dysfunctional personality traits and associated problems such as relationship disturbances and impulsive behavior know definition and types odd eccentric group paranoid Personality disorder marked by general schizoid Personality disorder marked by social schizotypal Personality disorder marked by social distrust and suspiciousness of others isolation and restricted emotional expression anxiety paranoid fears and eccentric behavior perceptions and thoughts antisocial Personality disorder marked by extreme borderline Personality disorder marked by disregard for and violation of the