PSYC 407 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. What are Physical Disorders and Health?II. DMSa. Axis IIIIII. New Fields of Studya. Behavioral Medicineb. Health PsychologyIV. Overview of Stress and Stress ResponsesV. Physiology of StressVI. Stress and the Immune SystemVII. Diseases and Stressa. AIDSb. Cancerc. Heart Diseased. Chronic PainOutline of Current Lecture I. Sexual Practices: Normsa. Males vs. Femalesb. Cultural ConsiderationsII. The development of sexual orientationIII. Gender Differences in sexual behavior and attitudesIV. Overview of Sexual DysfunctionsV. Sexual Desire Disorder: An OverviewVI.Current LectureCurrent Views• Tolerant of various sexual expressionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Even if unusual• Unless there is substantial impairment in functioning• Two kinds of sexual behavior meet these criteria:1. Sexual Dysfunction DisordersHave difficulty functioning during sex2. ParaphiliasSexual deviations (sexual arousal occurs in presence of inappropriate objects or people)Sexual practices: norms• Billy et al., 1993– Interviews not surveys– 6000 men and women– Purpose: STD risk factors– Men– 95.4% had vaginal intercourse– About 75% had oral sex– 20% had anal sex– 23.3% had sex/more than 20 partners – 2.3% had engaged in homosexual behavior• Only 1.1% exclusivelyCultural considerations• Practices similar across other western cultures• But other societies have differing ideas of what is normal,(consider the range of sexual behavior when diagnosing a sexual disorder)The development of sexual orientation– Strong genetic component that interacts in a complex way with environmental conditions, personality traits, and other contributors to determine behavioral patterns– Plus the reciprocal gene-environment interactions.(learning experiences affect brain structure and genetic expression)Gender differences in sexual behavior and attitudesMore man masturbateone survey said 81% men vs. 45% womendespite women being encouraged to be freerin sexual explorationmen masturbate more frequently (x 3)masturbation not related to later sexual functioningTheories: 1. women associate sex with intimacyand men w/physical gratification2. Anatomical differences• Probability of premarital intercourse increased for both, gap is smaller• Gap smaller if engaged or in committed relationship• Women still prefer demonstrations of love and intimacy, and men still more focused on the arousal aspects• Arousal diffs:• Men focused narrowly on female sexual stimuli but not male sexual stimuli• Females experience arousal to both male and female stimuli• Gay men, only male stimuliSex and the Elderly• Ages75-79 about half the men, one-third of women.• Women don’t have partners.• Sexuality in the elderly related to mobility, disease and medication.Gender and Sexual Scripts• In sexual self-schemas:– Women want passionate and romantic feelings, but also have a conservative, self-conscious schema that may interfere with their positive aspects– Men have a strong, independent, and aggressive component of their sexuality, in addition to being loving and passionateWomen have more ‘plastic’ beliefs. More shaped by sociocultural factorsWhat happened to the sexual revolution?• In 60’s and 70’s an attitude of ANYTHING GOESWhat’s left: less of a double standard(Women less constrained by conservative beliefs)But still a majority of individuals who only participate in vaginal, heterosexual intercourseOverview of Sexual Dysfunctions• Sexual dysfunctions– Same problems occur in heterosexual and homosexual relationships– Also not wholly sex specific• Except premature ejaculation and vaginismus– Involve desire, arousal, and/or orgasm– Pain associated with sex can lead to additional dysfunction– Males and females experience parallel versions of most dysfunctions– Affects about 43% of all females and 31% of males– Most prevalent class of disorder in the United States– 80% of couples in one study reported satisfying marital and sexual relationships., but– 40% men and 63% women reported occasional dysfunctions of arousal or orgasm– Classification of sexual dysfunctions– Lifelong vs. acquired– Generalized vs. situational– Psychological factors alone – Psychological factors combined with medical conditionSexual Desire Disorders: An Overview- Hypoactive sexual desire disorder– Little or no interest in any type of sexual activity (difficult to assess, frequency?Less than twice a month))– Masturbation, sexual fantasies, and intercourse are rare– Accounts for half of all complaints at sexuality clinics– Affects 22% of women and 5% of men- Sexual aversion disorder – also little interest in sex – Extreme fear, panic, or disgust – Related to (slightest) physical or any sexual contact– Related to Panic Disorder or PTSD– Most seem to be women– Among males,10%– Report panic attacks during attempted sexual activity- Sexual Arousal Disorders– Problem is not desire; it’s physical arousal– Used to call it impotence and frigidity– Women can compensate more easily– Male erectile disorder– Difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection– Female sexual arousal disorder– Difficulty achieving and maintaining adequate lubrication– Associated features of sexual arousal disorders– Problem is arousal, not desire– Problem affects about 5% of males, 14% of females– Males are more troubled by the problem than females– Erectile problems are the main reason males seek help Orgasm Disorders• Inhibited orgasm: Female and male orgasmic disorder– No orgasm despite adequate sexual desire and arousal– Rare condition in adult males• Males tend not to report it because couples accomodate– Most common complaint of adult females• Premature ejaculation (young men)– Ejaculation occurring too soon– Most prevalent sexual dysfunction in adult males• Affects 21% of all adult males• Most common in younger, inexperienced males• May be the PERCEPTION of lack of control that is the problem– Problem tends to decline with ageSexual Pain Disorders• Defining features– Marked pain during intercourse; sexual behavior disrupted• Dyspareunia– Extreme pain during intercourse• Affects 1% to 5% of men and about 10% to 15% of women– Adequate sexual