C SC 620Advanced Topics in NaturalLanguage ProcessingLecture 82/12/04Adminstrivia• Email me your slides for your presentationnext week– Only one person has done that so far …• Remember it should be a 15 minutepresentation total (including questions)Next Topic• Next topic we’re going to look in depth at isMachine Translation• Paper collection:– Readings in Machine Translation– Edited by Sergei Nirenburg, Harold Somers and YorickWilks– Published July 2003– MIT PressColor and WordNetSemantic Relation• Natural objects sometimes have a canonical(or idealized) color– Examples:• grass color-of green• cucumber color-of green• banana color-of yellow• apple color-of red• apple color-of green• sky color-of blueWordNet and Canonical Color• WordNet is very inconsistent in its use of color– Relation: sky color-of blue– Concept:• blue sky• Synset: {blue, blue_sky, wild blue yonder, blue air}– (synset id: 107581577)• Gloss: the sky as viewed during daylight: he shot an arrow intothe blue• Note:– red sky is not in WordNetWordNet and Canonical Color• Blue to sky (1 link)– blue/n is in [blue_sky,blue,blue_air,wild_blue_yonder]– [blue_sky,blue,blue_air,wild_blue_yonder] is aninstance of [sky]• Hyponyms of sky:– blue sky– mackerel skyWordNet and Canonical Color• Red to sky (6 links)– red/n is in [Bolshevik,Marxist,pinko,red,bolshie]– [Bolshevik,Marxist,pinko,red,bolshie] is an instance of [radical]– [radical] is an instance of [disputant,controversialist]– [disputant,controversialist] is an instance of[person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]– [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul] is aninstance of [causal_agent,cause,causal_agency]– [causal_agent,cause,causal_agency] is an instance of[entity,physical_thing]– [sky] is an instance of [entity,physical_thing]Examples• Grass– Gloss: narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used aspasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay• Green to grass (4 links)– green/n is in [greens,green,leafy_vegetable]– [greens,green,leafy_vegetable] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]– [vegetable,veggie] is a part holonym of [herb,herbaceous_plant]– [gramineous_plant,graminaceous_plant] is an instance of[herb,herbaceous_plant]– [grass] is an instance of [gramineous_plant,graminaceous_plant]Examples• Cucumber– Gloss: a melon vine of the genus Cucumis; cultivatedfrom earliest times for its cylindrical green fruit• Green to cucumber (3 links)– green/n is in [greens,green,leafy_vegetable]– [greens,green,leafy_vegetable] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]– [cucumber,cuke] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]– cucumber/n is in the synset [cucumber,cuke]ExamplesAppleGloss: fruit with red or yellow or green skin …• Green to apple (4 links)– green/n is in [greens,green,leafy_vegetable]– [greens,green,leafy_vegetable] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]– [vegetable,veggie] is an instance of[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]– [edible_fruit] is an instance of[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]– [apple] is an instance of [edible_fruit]Examples• Red to apple (10 links)– red/n is in [red,redness]– [red,redness] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [blue,blueness] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [blue,blueness]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [pigment]– [pigment] is an instance of[coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour]– [coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour] is an instance of[material,stuff]– [rind] is an instance of [material,stuff]– [peel,skin] is an instance of [rind]– [peel,skin] is a part holonym of [edible_fruit]– [apple] is an instance of [edible_fruit]Examples• Yellow to apple (12 links)– yellow/n is in [yellow,yellowness]– [yellow,yellowness] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [blue,blueness] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [blue,blueness]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [pigment]– [pigment] is an instance of [coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour]– [coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour] is an instance of[material,stuff]– [material,stuff] is an instance of [substance,matter]– [solid] is an instance of [substance,matter]– [food] is an instance of [solid]– [produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck] is an instance of [food]– [edible_fruit] is an instance of[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]– [apple] is an instance of [edible_fruit]Examples• Purple to apple (12 links)– purple/n is in [purple,purpleness,empurpled]– [purple,purpleness,empurpled] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [blue,blueness] is an instance of[chromatic_color,chromatic_colour,spectral_color,spectral_colour]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [blue,blueness]– [Payne's_gray] is an instance of [pigment]– [pigment] is an instance of [coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour]– [coloring_material,colouring_material,color,colour] is an instance of[material,stuff]– [material,stuff] is an instance of [substance,matter]– [solid] is an instance of [substance,matter]– [food] is an instance of [solid]– [produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck] is an instance of [food]– [edible_fruit] is an instance of[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]– [apple] is an instance of [edible_fruit]Visual InformationVisual InformationVisual