C SC 620 Advanced Topics in Natural Language ProcessingReading ListPowerPoint PresentationSlide 4Slide 5Paper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18C SC 620Advanced Topics in Natural Language ProcessingLecture 234/20Reading List•Readings in Machine Translation, Eds. Nirenburg, S. et al. MIT Press 2003.–19. Montague Grammar and Machine Translation. Landsbergen, J.–20. Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation – Interpretation Based Approach. Tsujii, J.-I. And M. Nagao–21. Translation by Structural Correspondences. Kaplan, R. et al.–22. Pros and Cons of the Pivot and Transfer Approaches in Multilingual Machine Translation. Boitet, C.–31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.–32. A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation. Brown, P. F. et al.Paper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Time: Early to mid-80s, took off in the 90s•First cited paper in the popular Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT) framework•Prototypical Consideration–Motivated by experience of 2nd Language Learners–Starting from canned sentences/constructions in English/Japanese–Then proceeding to sentences that are slight variants of the initial examples–Case frame (ditransitive verbs)•(English) S verb O C•(Japanese) S’-topic O’-direct-object C’-indirect-object verb’ –Slow learning process, lots of data neededPaper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•A Modified Approach–Replacement strategy•Use a thesaurus (e.g. WordNet)–Example•Given–(English) A man eats vegetables–(Japanese) man-topic vegetable-object eat•Find translation for–(English) He eats potatoes•Correspondences–Man ~ he–Vegetable ~ potato•Translation–(Japanese) he-topic potato-object eatPaper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•WordNet–Potato and Vegetable•potato/n is in [potato,white_potato,Irish_potato,murphy,spud,tater]•[potato,white_potato,Irish_potato,murphy,spud,tater] is an instance of [root_vegetable]•[root_vegetable] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]•vegetable/n is in the synset [vegetable,veggie]–OKPaper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•WordNet–Man and he•man/n is in [world,human_race,humanity,humankind,human_beings,humans,mankind,man]•[world,human_race,humanity,humankind,human_beings,humans,mankind,man] is an instance of [group,grouping]•[arrangement] is an instance of [group,grouping]•[ordering,order,ordination] is an instance of [arrangement]•[word_order] is an instance of [ordering,order,ordination]•[word_order] is a part holonym of [text,textual_matter]•[letter,missive] is an instance of [text,textual_matter]•letter and letter/n related by noun.communication•[he] is an instance of [letter,letter_of_the_alphabet,alphabetic_character]–No goodPaper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Example 2–(English) Acid eats metal–Correspondences•Acid - man•Metal - vegetable–WordNet•acid/n is in [lysergic_acid_diethylamide,LSD,acid]•[lysergic_acid_diethylamide,LSD,acid] is an instance of [drug_of_abuse,street_drug]•[drug_of_abuse,street_drug] is an instance of [drug]•[drug] is an instance of [agent]•[agent] is an instance of [causal_agent,cause,causal_agency]•[person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul] is an instance of [causal_agent,cause,causal_agency]•[man] is an instance of [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]Paper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Example 2–WordNet•metal/n is in [alloy,metal]•[alloy,metal] is an instance of [mixture]•[mixture] is an instance of [substance,matter]•[solid] is an instance of [substance,matter]•[food] is an instance of [solid]•[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck] is an instance of [food]•[vegetable,veggie] is an instance of [produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]•vegetable/n is in the synset [vegetable,veggie]–Different verb is used•Okasu - {eat, invade, attack}Paper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Example 3 (Closest Match)–Given•Same verb (yabureru) - be defeated/broken•(Japanese) he-topic election-dative be defeated•(English) He was defeated by the election•(Japanese) paper bag-topic weight-by be broken•(English) The paper bag was broken by the weight–Translate•(Japanese) president-topic vote-dative yabureta•Correspondences–President ~ man vs. paper bag–Vote ~ election vs. weight•(English) The president was defeated by the votePaper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Example 3 (Closest Match)–WordNet•Man ~ president–president/n is in [president,chairman,chairwoman,chair,chairperson]–[president,chairman,chairwoman,chair,chairperson] is an instance of [presiding_officer]–[presiding_officer] is an instance of [leader]–[leader] is an instance of [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]–[man] is an instance of [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]•Man ~ paper_bag–man/n is in [man,piece]–[man,piece] is an instance of [game_equipment]–[game_equipment] is an instance of [equipment]–[equipment] is an instance of [instrumentality,instrumentation]–[container] is an instance of [instrumentality,instrumentation]–[bag] is an instance of [container]–[sack,poke,paper_bag,carrier_bag] is an instance of [bag]–paper_bag/n is in the synset [sack,poke,paper_bag,carrier_bag]Paper 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.•Example 3 (Closest Match)–WordNet•Vote ~ election–vote/n is in [vote]–[election] is an instance of [vote]•Vote ~ weight–vote/v is in [vote]–[vote] is an instance of [choose,take,select,pick_out]–[choose,take,select,pick_out] is an instance of