C SC 620Advanced Topics in NaturalLanguage ProcessingLecture 234/20Reading List• Readings in Machine Translation, Eds. Nirenburg, S. et al. MIT Press2003.– 19. Montague Grammar and Machine Translation. Landsbergen, J.– 20. Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation – InterpretationBased Approach. Tsujii, J.-I. And M. Nagao– 21. Translation by Structural Correspondences. Kaplan, R. et al.– 22. Pros and Cons of the Pivot and Transfer Approaches inMultilingual Machine Translation. Boitet, C.– 31. A Framework of a Mechanical Translation betweenJapanese and English by Analogy Principle. Nagao, M.– 32. A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation. Brown, P. F. etal.Paper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Time: Early to mid-80s, took off in the 90s• First cited paper in the popular Example-Based MachineTranslation (EBMT) framework• Prototypical Consideration– Motivated by experience of 2nd Language Learners– Starting from canned sentences/constructions in English/Japanese– Then proceeding to sentences that are slight variants of the initialexamples– Case frame (ditransitive verbs)• (English) S verb O C• (Japanese) S’-topic O’-direct-object C’-indirect-object verb’– Slow learning process, lots of data neededPaper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• A Modified Approach– Replacement strategy• Use a thesaurus (e.g. WordNet)– Example• Given– (English) A man eats vegetables– (Japanese) man-topic vegetable-object eat• Find translation for– (English) He eats potatoes• Correspondences– Man ~ he– Vegetable ~ potato• Translation– (Japanese) he-topic potato-object eatPaper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• WordNet– Potato and Vegetable• potato/n is in [potato,white_potato,Irish_potato,murphy,spud,tater]• [potato,white_potato,Irish_potato,murphy,spud,tater] is an instance of[root_vegetable]• [root_vegetable] is an instance of [vegetable,veggie]• vegetable/n is in the synset [vegetable,veggie]– OKPaper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• WordNet– Man and he• man/n is in[world,human_race,humanity,humankind,human_beings,humans,mankind,man]• [world,human_race,humanity,humankind,human_beings,humans,mankind,man] is an instance of [group,grouping]• [arrangement] is an instance of [group,grouping]• [ordering,order,ordination] is an instance of [arrangement]• [word_order] is an instance of [ordering,order,ordination]• [word_order] is a part holonym of [text,textual_matter]• [letter,missive] is an instance of [text,textual_matter]• letter and letter/n related by noun.communication• [he] is an instance of [letter,letter_of_the_alphabet,alphabetic_character]– No goodPaper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Example 2– (English) Acid eats metal– Correspondences• Acid - man• Metal - vegetable– WordNet• acid/n is in [lysergic_acid_diethylamide,LSD,acid]• [lysergic_acid_diethylamide,LSD,acid] is an instance of[drug_of_abuse,street_drug]• [drug_of_abuse,street_drug] is an instance of [drug]• [drug] is an instance of [agent]• [agent] is an instance of [causal_agent,cause,causal_agency]• [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul] is an instance of[causal_agent,cause,causal_agency]• [man] is an instance of[person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]Paper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Example 2– WordNet• metal/n is in [alloy,metal]• [alloy,metal] is an instance of [mixture]• [mixture] is an instance of [substance,matter]• [solid] is an instance of [substance,matter]• [food] is an instance of [solid]• [produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck] is an instance of [food]• [vegetable,veggie] is an instance of[produce,green_goods,green_groceries,garden_truck]• vegetable/n is in the synset [vegetable,veggie]– Different verb is used• Okasu - {eat, invade, attack}Paper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Example 3 (Closest Match)– Given• Same verb (yabureru) - be defeated/broken• (Japanese) he-topic election-dative be defeated• (English) He was defeated by the election• (Japanese) paper bag-topic weight-by be broken• (English) The paper bag was broken by the weight– Translate• (Japanese) president-topic vote-dative yabureta• Correspondences– President ~ man vs. paper bag– Vote ~ election vs. weight• (English) The president was defeated by the votePaper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Example 3 (Closest Match)– WordNet• Man ~ president– president/n is in [president,chairman,chairwoman,chair,chairperson]– [president,chairman,chairwoman,chair,chairperson] is an instance of [presiding_officer]– [presiding_officer] is an instance of [leader]– [leader] is an instance of [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]– [man] is an instance of [person,individual,someone,somebody,mortal,human,soul]• Man ~ paper_bag– man/n is in [man,piece]– [man,piece] is an instance of [game_equipment]– [game_equipment] is an instance of [equipment]– [equipment] is an instance of [instrumentality,instrumentation]– [container] is an instance of [instrumentality,instrumentation]– [bag] is an instance of [container]– [sack,poke,paper_bag,carrier_bag] is an instance of [bag]– paper_bag/n is in the synset [sack,poke,paper_bag,carrier_bag]Paper 31. A Framework of a MechanicalTranslation between Japanese and English byAnalogy Principle. Nagao, M.• Example 3 (Closest Match)– WordNet• Vote ~ election– vote/n is in [vote]– [election] is an instance of [vote]• Vote ~ weight– vote/v is in [vote]– [vote] is an instance of [choose,take,select,pick_out]– [choose,take,select,pick_out] is an instance of[decide,make_up_one's_mind,determine]– determine and determine/v related by verb.cognition– [predetermine] is an instance of[determine,shape,mold,influence,regulate]– predetermine and predetermine/v related by verb.cognition–