PSYC 3100 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (September 3rd )- Implicit - Distinction among three responses or outcomes -Thoughts: viewed as "cold" and thought of as cognition.-Feelings: viewed as "warm" and contrast with thoughts on the cold/warm dimension.-Actions: refers to our behaviors. - Situation vs. Disposition - Situation is considered outside of the person. For example, a student getting an “A” on a test, must mean that the test is very easy. The instructor must have made the test too easy and the outcome would be to make the test harder. - Disposition is considered inside of the person, a person’s effort or ability. Using the sameexample of the student receiving an “A” on the test, the student must be very smart. We would focus more on the student’s capacity and consider that the student must have tried really hard on the test. Social psychologists have traditionally focused on situational determinants of behavior. Some have defined social psychology in terms of determinants- separating social psychologists from personality psychologists. See references to “social-personality.” Social psychology is more how people behave within social situations. Kurt Lewin is considered one of the founding fathers of Social Psychology. He thought in terms of situational and dispositional forces in social psychology. - Lewinian view: People are like Rolling Rocks At birth (i.e. the top of the mountain) people are largely the same, but not identical. Birth differences alone can account for some differences in later “behavior” (bouncing, speed of descent, etc.) but not all such differences. People (rocks) descend along different life (mountain) paths that involve different types of “terrain” (e.g. bumpy, steep). These paths also account for differences in behavior. For example, different people can be born into predisposition to alcoholism, emotional responses, etc., therefore, people will “go down the mountain” in different paths. Also, aperson born into a wealthy family will go down a different path than someone who was born into a family without any parents. The actions of the individuals reflect internal andtheir experiences growing up. We have to be careful how we interpret other people’s behavior because of internal and external experiences.- Controversies - Situation vs. Dispostion - Laboratory vs. Field Research - Lab studies-go to lab to conduct studies- Field research- go out into the world, out of lab, and conduct research. Example: Medical center with real patients, studying people’s behavior in a mall. In a lab there is better control over the variables and you are able to draw legitimate conclusions. In field research, it is harder to draw conclusions without the control, but field is based on real life so the external validity is greater-real world behavior. Both lab studies and field research are right. Lab studies have greater internal validity but suffer external limitations. Field research has greater external validity but it suffers internal limitations. The solution is to combine these and work together! You should start in lab and retrieve data and then do relevant studies in the real world. You will build a stronger case by working together and obtain your goal of establishing and applying knowledge faster. - “Cold” Cognitive Processes vs. “Warm” Feeling Processes- Human behavior is best understood through cognitive processes and affective is better understood through feelings. Of course, they are better understood when they work together. - Conscious vs. Non-conscious - Emergence of Behaviorism with B. F. Skinner - Rejection of mind - Input and output Lecture 2 (September 5th )- Social Perception (Personology) - Contemporary study can be traced to Fritz Heider, an Austrian who moved to the US because of WWII. Heider is known as the father of Social Psychology.- Heider sketched the rudiments of what came to be known as “attribution theory”. The attribution theory is a collection of ideas.- Screw Ups: Getting it Wrong - Scientists and lay people are interested in social perception in large part because it is so fraught with error. The main focus in this area is in screw ups. We are often of the mark quite a bit.- Why? Determinants can be complex and, thus, hard to discern - At minimum, we have to distinguish between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) causes, bearing in mind that we, personally, can exert apowerful situational influence. This is one reason determinants are hard to discern- they are hugely complex. We must find out if the situation or distribution caused the outcome.- We also have to consider changes that can occur over time and why they might have occurred –changes in people and in the situations that they face.We can be situational influences on another person’s behavior. Ex: Rex’s cousin had interpersonal (social) problems and he had come to Rex saying that other students were being mean to him. Rex did not think the otherstudents were mean, but he realized that the other students could be mean around his cousin and not him. - Disposition can change over time, but it may not be different. Also, different aspects of yourself can change.- People can have different values, beliefs, anxieties, hostilities, etc. at Time B than they had at Time A. Teenagers can experience different pressures at different points in history.- Thus, even if we were powerfully motivated “personology” experts, we wouldstill be expected to make errors from time to time. - Why? We sometimes are uninformed (ignorant) as analysts - We might be unaware, for example, of a cultural influence (e.g., regarding expressive restraint), a relevant event (e.g., death of a loved one), or a relevant condition (e.g., dyslexia). Ex: A child dies and the father shows no emotion. People may think that the father does not have any emotion or does not have love for the child, but their culture may respond different to situations than ours. Therefore, we would be drawing an incorrect conclusion.- We also might be unaware of the impact of relevant factors. Thus, for example, we may not realize just how powerful a cultural or emotional influence can be. We may not know the extent, may underestimate the cultural influence.- Note: Projecting from our own experience can be misleading.- If we are unaware of relevant influences or their