PSYC 3100 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. An Experiment: What is it? II. Causal Inference III. Confounding Variables IV. Avoiding Confounds V. Examples VI. Video Outline of Current Lecture I. Emotion Early Perspectives A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard II. Thus- III. Schachter’s Theory IV. Two Factor Theory V. Represented an Attempt To Reconcile Cannon-Bard and James-Long VI. Schachter and Wheeler: Autonomic Activation and Amusement VII. Humor Response during Film VIII. Schachter and Singer: Aims IX. Research Directions X. Theory (Zillman) XI. Cantor, Zillman, Bryant XII. Main Preliminary Findings XIII. Thus- XIV. Cantor, Zillman, and Bryant: Main Study XV. Film Evaluations XVI. Theory of Passionate Love (Berscheid and Walster) XVII. Dutton and Aron Current LectureI. Emotion Early Perspectives A. James-Lange- Perception of emotional stimulus → Activity in certain portion of brain→ Peripheral physiological (autonomic) adjustments that are unique to different stimuli → Subjective experience These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Adjustment is specific to what is being seen.- States that one stimulus causes one change and that another stimuluscauses another change. It assumes that on some level we can recognize changes in our body (peripheral changes). EX: You do not know what you are afraid of until you sense your body changes. - William James- Harvard- Laid foundation for contemporary Psychology.B. Cannon-Bard- Perception of emotional stimulus (e.g., a bear) → Activity in a certain portion of brain → Subjective experience (feeling) and generalized (autonomic) arousal- Cannon-Bard view is more consistent with beliefs of how emotions work. - States that we do not know how body is responding to recognize emotion. II. Thus- - According to James-Lange, peripheral arousal varies in character from one stimulus to the next and is intimately involved in the production of subjective emotional experience.- According to Cannon-Bard, peripheral arousal is constant from one stimulus to the next and is not involved in the production of subjective emotional experience. (Stimulus does not vary and is not involved in experience).III. Schachter’s Theory - Columbia University- developed dual process model of emotion. He attempted to combine view from Cannon-Bard and James-Lange. It was proposed in the late 1950’s or early 1960’s and they stimulated many investigations.- Important events (i.e., events relevant to our welfare or the welfare of those for whom we care) trigger an increase in generalized autonomic arousal.- Where there is no ready explanation for the arousal, its presence instigates a search of the environment to identify its source.- If cues imply that the arousal is due to an emotional stimulus, the arousal willbe cognitively labeled in terms of that stimulus and the labeling will lead to a correspondent subjective emotional experience.- The more intensely arousal is perceived; the more intensely the emotion will be experienced.IV. Two Factor Theory - Argued that subjective emotional experience is a function of:- Level of Perceived Arousal- intensity of emotional experience- Cognitive Labeling of that Arousal- determines the characterV. Represented an Attempt To Reconcile Cannon-Bard and James-Long - Agreed with James-Lange insofar as it asserted peripheral autonomic responses are involved in emotion experience.- Agreed with Cannon-Bard insofar as it asserted that emotional “arousal” is general, not specific. - Moved beyond the views in asserting that (1) cognitive labeling determined emotion character, and (2) perceived arousal determined emotion intensity.- These are the accomplishments of pulling together both views. VI. Schachter and Wheeler: Autonomic Activation and Amusement - Participants recruited to take part in a study concerned with vitamins and visual perception.- Were given an injection of a “vitamin compound” that actually was (1) epinephrine, an arousing injection, (2) saline, a neutral injection, or (3) chlorpromazine, an injection that prevents the cardiovascular system from responding.- Afterwards, they were sent to an auditorium to watch funny film clips while the “vitamin” settled into their system.- Film clips showing were all humorous.- Participants’ amusement responses were secretly coded by observers who were blind to the injection that had been received. VII. Humor Response during Film - The results concluded that neither previous theories were right. - Participants injected with epinephrine scored the highest, followed by Saline, and then Chlorpromazine. VIII. Schachter and Singer: Aims - To conceptually replicate the Schachter and Wheeler arousal effect. (manipulate arousal effect)- To show that arousal enhances emotion experience if it is labeled in emotional terms, but not if it is labeled in non-emotional terms.- To show that arousal can enhance different emotion experiences depending on the emotion label that is applied. IX. Research Directions - Excitation Transfer- became aroused in one situation and go to a different situation with the initial arousal still lingering.- Interpersonal Attraction- Manipulation of emotion intensity through the provision of false autonomic feedback.- Reduction of emotion intensity through provision of non-emotional arousal labels.X. Theory (Zillman)- Autonomic arousal, once generated, dissipates gradually.- In early stages of dissipation, the arousal should be identified with its original source. So long as it is, it should not impact emotional responses to new stimuli.- In later stages of dissipation, the arousal should tend to be identified with new (current) events. When this occurs, it has potential for amplifying emotional responses to those events.- Interested in emotional responses of police officers and implied the analysis of Schachter. - When we are in an arousing situation, we become active, get introduced to a new situation, and carry our emotions from the previous situation to our newsituation. EX: When a wife gets into a fight with her husband and becomes upset and then carries on with the emotion when talking with her child.- Made observation that arousal disintegrates gradually. XI. Cantor, Zillman, Bryant - Two stage investigation.- In first stage