PSYC 3100 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Reactance: What Determines it’s Magnitude II. Brehm and sensenig III. Weiner and Brehm IV. Brehm, Stires, Sensenig, and ShabanV. S. Brehm and WeintraubOutline of Current Lecture I. AIMS II. Pro-Social Action: What is it? III. Two Motives Typically Distinguished IV. Altruistic Helping V. Egoistic Helping VI. Possible Motives for Instrumental Helping VII. ExamplesVIII. Why go into all this?IX. Association with Affect X. Affect and Helping XI. A Really Big “Catch” XII. Argument for Egoism XIII. Social Learning Theory Current LectureI. AIMS- Define pro-social behavior. (Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.)- Consider motives that can drive it.- Consider affective implications of the complexity of motives.- Discuss perspectives on the existence of altruism and the role empathy may play in prompting it. II. Pro-Social Action: What is it? - Behavior carried out deliberately to produce benefit.- Can be directed toward a person or a group.- Behavior could be – but is not necessarily – physical in character.- Can driven by multiple motives.- The behavior is not accidental; it has to be deliberate.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The behavior will have immediate intentions.III. Two Motives Typically Distinguished - Altruistic: helping in immediate assistance but ultimate goal is lasting. - Egoistic: selfish motive- doing something for selfish ultimate reasons. IV. Altruistic Helping - Carried out with the ultimate purpose of bringing benefit to person or group being helped. - Personal- bringing benefit to recipient by actually doing something for someone else. V. Egoistic Helping - Carried out with the ultimate purpose of bringing benefit to oneself. - Business- Additional (personal) motive to consider- that to harm (hostile helping). - “Egoistic” helping might be better conceived as instrumental helping that can be driven by different concerns. (Instrumental modification).VI. Possible Motives for Instrumental Helping - Selfish- helping someone to benefit yourself. Example: A nurse helping a patient because she is getting paid. - Altruistic- Helping someone in order to benefit someone else. Example: helping someone across the street in hopes that someone may help your grandma across the street if ever needed.- Hostile- Help person A in order to harm person B. - Principle- Behaves with the intent of doing the right thing (moral values).VII. Examples- Behavior: Tom Helps MaryDid Tom do this with ultimate purpose of benefitting Mary?  YES ALTRUISTIC HELPING - Behavior: Tom Helps Mary  Did Tom do this with ultimate purpose of harming Mary?  YES  HOSTILE HELPING - Behavior: Tom Helps Mary  Did Tom have some purpose beyond benefitingMary?  YES  INSTRUMENTAL HELPING - Behavior: Tom (Instrumentally) Helps Mary  Why did Tom do it?  To benefit himself.  EGOISTIC HELPING - Behavior: Tom (Instrumentally) Helps Mary  Why did Tom do it?  To harm someone other than Mary  HOSTILE HELPING - Behavior: Tom (Instrumentally) Helps Mary  Why did Tom do it?  To benefit someone other than Mary  ALTRUISTIC HELPING - Behavior: Tom (Instrumentally) Helps Mary  Why did Tom do it?  To address some moral imperative  PRINCIPLED HELPING VIII. Why go into all this? - Highlight the complexity of helping behavior from a motivational standpoint.- To gain insight into affective correlates of pro-social behavior.IX. Association with Affect - We tend to think of helping as being prompted by warm, kind feelings, such as empathy and love.- However, the preceding suggests that helping can be associated with a range of feelings - including selfish and hostile ones – or no feeling at all (principled helping)!X. Affect and Helping - Consider, for example, a doctor helping patients with the purpose of accruingfinancial wealth. - The helping acts could be associated with feelings of greed.- Alternatively, consider a woman who lets a guy stay in her apartment to hurt her ex-boyfriend’s feelings.- Her helping act could be associated with anger.XI. A Really Big “Catch” - Many average people and most scientists believe truly altruistic motives do not exist.XII. Argument for Egoism - People engage in pro-social behavior.- However, when they do, it is always because they perceive a personal benefit in doing so.- Personal benefits can be overt (payment) or implicit (impression management).- They can involve acquiring things (e.g., personal favor) or avoiding things (e.g., guilt).- Tend to limit arguments to deliberate action, for example, ruling out habit impulses.- Accept that people can miscalculate and, thus, do things that appear to be altruistic (e.g., run into a burning building thinking that they will survive and be viewed as hero).- Philosophers and scientists tend to refer to the Law of Parsimony.- A theoretical system that assumes egoism is simpler than a system that assumes egoism and altruism. - The simpler system should be preferred unless the more complicated one adds predictive power.XIII. Social Learning Theory - We are inclined to help only to the degree that helping outcomes are rewarding. - Pro-social behavior is best understood in terms of learning principles and social norms.- When we adhere to helping norms, we do so because we believe there is personal benefit for our doing so. - In a given helping situation, we weigh the personal cost of helping against thepersonal benefit that might be gained. If benefit outweighs cost, we help; if cost outweighs benefit, we do not