PSYC 3100 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Piliavin Model II. BatsonIII. Batson Model IV. Design of Empathy Studies V. Empathy Study Helping Rates VI. Bystander Intervention VII. Core Elements VIII. Notice IX. InterpretationX. Responsibility XI. Responses at each step appear to be influenced by social presence XII. Notice Effect XIII. Interpretation Effect Outline of Current Lecture I. Responses at each step appear to be influenced by social presence II. Notice Effect III. Interpretation Effect IV. Smoke Filled Room Study (Darley & Latane’ Study) V. Responsibility Effect VI. Seizure Study VII. Bystander Intervention: Full Decision Model VIII. Bystander Effect: Death of Kitty GenoveseIX. Antisocial Behavior: AggressionX. Aims XI. Aggression: What is it?XII. Two Types XIII. Hostile XIV. Instrumental XV. Instrumental Purposes XVI. Association with Affect XVII. Roots of Hostility: Two Instinct Views Current LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Responses at each step appear to be influenced by social presence. - The presence of others reduces the chance that we:- Will notice. - Will perceive need for intervention.- Will take responsibility.II. Notice Effect - Distraction- Social Pressures (e.g., not to stare or to keep moving)III. Interpretation Effect - Pluralistic Ignorance- We construe meaning partially in terms of other people’s responses.- A lack of responsiveness implies the absence of a need to act.IV. Smoke Filled Room Study (Darley & Latane’ study)- Created a situation where participants came into the room to complete questionnaires under certain conditions. - First condition was by themselves - Second condition was themselves with 2 other real participants - Third condition was themselves and 2 other “fake” participants who were really investigators in the study. - The condition was the smoke coming up from under the door. It eventually got thicker and thicker until the participants were no longer able to see their questionnaires.- If the participants were by themselves they got up to check the situation. - If the participant was with 2 other real participants, they would all look to see how each other responded to the smoke. - If the participant was with 2 “fake” participants, the “fake” participants were told not to do anything and go on as if the smoke was not there. - Close to 80% of people looked for help in condition 1. Less than 40% found help in condition 2, and 90% of people stayed in the room and acted like their wasn’t an emergency in condition 3. - There were dramatic differences based on the social circumstances in the room.V. Responsibility Effect - Diffusion among those available to help.- The more available, the less responsible we feel and – all else being equal – the less likely we are to act.- Personal sense of responsibility is proportionate to the direct help. VI. Seizure Study - Condition 1 was with 1 other person. The participant was in a cubicle and told that their partner available for discussion down the hall. This actually was not true. There wasn’t really a participant down the hall for discussion.The participant was actually listening to a recording, but they did not know this. - Condition 2 was with 2 other people. They were told that there were 2 other people down the hall available for discussion. However, this was not true as well. - Condition 3 was with 6 other people. The same circumstances were used in this condition as well. - All discussions were prerecorded but the participants thought it was live. The recording talked about school and help problems of the certain individual and during the discussion the person starts having a seizure, which was indeed fake. - Condition 1- Especially likely to get help and very quickly. - Condition 2- Believed they only “bared 50% of responsibility.” Whenever they went for help, it was more of a delayed response. - Condition 3- 5 people were watching along with the participant so they felt they have held only a small portion of responsibility. - Con dition 1- helping rate 90%- Condition 2- helping rate was 60% - Condition 3- helping rate 30%VII. Bystander Intervention: Full Decision Model VIIIVVIII. Bystander Effect: Death of Kitty Genovese - Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her apartment complex in front of many bystanders who sat and watched because they thought that someone else was goingto take action and call the cops. No one ended up getting help and the woman died by getting stabbed to death. IX. Anitsocial Behavior: Aggression- Find themselves to be different from Prosocial specialists. X. Aimes - Define Aggression.- Distinguish Two Types and Discuss Broadly From a Motives Perspective.- Consider Affect Correlates of Aggression, Focusing on Anger.- Review Theories Pertaining to the Roots of Hostile Aggression, i.e., Aggression Believed to Be Associated With Anger.XI. Aggression: What is it? - Act (i.e., behavior) carried out deliberately to produce harm or suffering. (different definitions)- Generally directed toward another person or group; however, could be directed toward ourselves.- Act could be – but is not necessarily – physical in character. Nonphysical example would be spreading a rumor.- Could be driven by a plethora of motives.XII. Two Types: - Hostile- flipside of altruistic helping; ultimate intent of causing suffering or harm to make someone else’s life worse.- Instrumental- to achieve harm.XIII. Hostile - Carried out with the ultimate purpose of causing suffering in aggression target.- PersonalXIV. Instrumental - Carried out with the purpose of achieving some end other than suffering in aggression target.- BusinessXV. Instrumental Purposes - Selfish- Altruistic - Hostile - PrincipleXVI. Association with Affect - At least since the middle of the 20th century, psychologists have associated hostile aggression with the emotion anger.- Theorists have tended to view instrumental aggression as affectively neutral.- However, given the variety of motives that can drive it, instrumental aggression could be associated with a range of feelings.- Consider, for example, an assassin aggressing to earn 20,000 USD. Presumably, the aggressive act would be associated with desire for the money -