PSYC 3100 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Why?: We tend NOT to process information neutrally A. Cognitive B. MotivationalII. Cognitive Bias III. Role of Ambiguity IV. Motivational Bias V. Two Recall Effects Outline of Current Lecture I. Why? We tend to have limited knowledge and sometimes inaccurate self-knowledgeII. Wilson III. Nisbett and Wilson IV. Personology Summary V. Personology Summary (contd.) VI. Personology Summary (contd.) VII. We Make Mistakes: Does it End There? VIII. The Self Fulfilling Prophecy IX. Classic Examples X. Non-Classic Examples XI. Classic Study: Rosenthal and Jacobson XII. Rosenthal and Jacobson: Change in IQ XIII. Classic Study: Rosenthal and Jacobson Current Lecture I. Why? We tend to have limited and sometimes inaccurate self-knowledge - We sometimes have limited on no insight into our behavior and, thus, cannot apply self-understanding in an effort to understand someone else (Nisbett). - Presumably, we develop self-knowledge as we grow. It helps us understand others and their emotions. We often have gaps in our understanding and do not have access to the process. II. Wilson - Session 1: Different information in different ears; some tones presented more often than others. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Session 1 consisted of a Dichotic listening task with different sense of information in each ear. The tones varied in pitch, high and low, in one earand a voice was calling out words in the other ear. The instructions were to listen to tones but to be able to repeat the words that were being given. The experiment lasted approximately 30-40 minutes.- Session 2: Tones in both ears. Session 2 occurred a week later where the participant heard tones simultaneously in each ear. Some of the tones were played in the Session 1 and others were not.- Questions: (a) Familiar?; (b) How much do you like?The questions that were asked were: Is it a familiar tone? How much do you like the tone? - Findings showed that people could not tell if the tones were in a familiar group or not. However, ratings were significantly higher for familiar tones, even though they did not recognize the tone. - Wilson was interested in Zajonc, who was a very important social psychologist. He made a huge influence on social psychology and died not too long ago. - Near Exposure Affect- the more often we are exposed to a response, the more we like it. Ex: (smell, sound, etc.) III. Nisbett and Wilson - Study 1: Nightgowns - Study 2: Nylons The study was conducted at a booth in a shopping mall where the researchers stopped women and asked them to take a look at their booth. During study 1, the researchers showed the consumers nightgowns with different characteristics, such as length, material, and design, which were equally attractive. The researchers then asked the consumers which nightgown they would buy and why. During study 2, theresearchers asked consumers which Nylons they preferred and why. They nylons were all identical but they told the consumers that there were differences between them, such as some were stretchy, etc. For both studies, the gown that was presented 4th was chosen the most. The study asked over 200 women and none of the women ever said they chose the last gown because it was presented last. - Lesson: In interpreting choice behavior of someone else, people might invoke their past choice experience, but assume that they behaved rationally when they did not. Something outside of conscious awareness guides behavior. IV. Personology SummaryObserver’s PerceptionActor’s ResponseObserver’s belief Observer’s Response- Personology (Social Perception is concerned with how we come to understand actions and other outcomes associated with ourselves and others. - Although we regularly draw correct conclusions, we also make a lot of mistakes. - List all things we have considered that lead to errors in social perception- In trying to understand other people’s responses as well as our own. V. Personology Summary (cont.) - One reason we make mistakes is because outcome determinants can be complex and thus hard to discern - A second reason is because we sometimes are uninformed - A third reason is because we sometimes think lightly - A fourth reason is because we tend not to process information neutrally. Instead, have cognitive and motivational biases. - A fifth reason- related to the second- is because we tend to have limited and sometimes inaccurate self-knowledge. VI. Personology Summary (cont.) - Cognitive and motivational factors affect not only encoding of real-time information, but also recall of past events. - Where reality is ambiguous, we tend to assimilate; where it is undeniable, wecan show contrast effects. VII. We Make Mistakes: Does it End There? - Sometimes yes, e.g. if we have no opportunity for future contact and no ability to impact the person’s life. - Sometimes no Ex: why a student makes a certain grade. It may not affect us because we may never see that person again.- Misperception can have consequences insofar as it leads to inappropriate treatment such as avoidance. Sometimes errors can have consequences such as drawing an incorrect conclusion on someone can draw a negative effect on how you may not treat them fairly.- It also has potential for creating its own reality. In short, a misperception on my part can lead to a reality on your part. Ex: Perceiving someone as someone or something else-they may become that.- By what process? The Self Fulfilling Prophecy VIII. The Self Fulfilling Prophecy- Observer’s Belief produces a correspondent perception- Assimilation - Observer’s Perception leads to a behavior response on observer - Behavioral Response impacts the actor producing responses that confirm the original belief. - Ex: Siblings going through the same school- A teacher may have had trouble with the older two siblings so she believes that she will have trouble with the youngest sibling as well. The teacher will treat the student in ways of negativeperception. The belief will lead to negative perception- negative performance- and then a negative response. IX. Classic Examples - Parents Parents’ belief about their children shapes them.- Schools - Workplace Supervisor thinks poorly of you- your actions will be negative and you