PSYC 3100 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. AIMS II. Pro-Social Action: What is it? III. Two Motives Typically Distinguished IV. Altruistic Helping V. Egoistic Helping VI. Possible Motives for Instrumental Helping VII. ExamplesVIII. Why go into all this?IX. Association with Affect X. Affect and Helping XI. A Really Big “Catch” XII. Argument for EgoismXIII. Social Learning Theory Outline of Current Lecture I. Piliavin Model II. BatsonIII. Batson Model IV. Design of Empathy Studies V. Empathy Study Helping Rates VI. Bystander Intervention VII. Core Elements VIII. Notice IX. InterpretationX. Responsibility These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XI. Responses at each step appear to be influenced by social presence XII. Notice Effect XIII. Interpretation Effect Current LectureI. Piliavin Model - Exposure to a victim produces personal distress, defined as an unpleasant affective state. - Intensity of the distress determined by things such as severity of suffering andfelt similarity to victim. - The greater the distress, the greater the motivation to reduce it. - Two ways to reduce distress: Help or Leave.- Distress will be reduced in most cost-effective fashion:- a. Witness will help if that is less costly than leaving.- b. Witness will leave if that is less costly than helping. - Personal distress- Affective response makes her feel bad (all about us). Cost Benefit Analysis. - The more similar you feel the great your distress. The more distressed you are, the more motivated you are to feel better.- To make yourself feel better in the situation and it is your biggest concern, you can leave the situation physically or shut them out of your mind mentally.II. Batson- Exposure to someone in need can - but will not necessarily - produce personal distress. Exposure also can produce empathic concern and, through this, altruistic motivation.- Maybe initial assumptions were wrong.- Key determinant of affective response is the perspective one takes in viewing the victim. - Outside → Distress- Inside → EmpathyIII. Batson Model- If witness takes “outsider” perspective, then personal distress is evoked and things progress as the Piliavin’s model suggests. - If witness takes perspective of the person in need (“puts self in this person’s shoes”), then empathy is evoked. - The greater the empathy, the greater is the (altruistic) motivation to benefit the person in need.- To the extent that altruistic motivation is generated, the ease or difficulty (i.e., costliness) of escaping the situation should be irrelevant to the helping decision.- If your motive is to make the situation or something better for another person, escaping it is no longer an option. Escaping should become irrelevant.IV. Design of Empathy Studies- Sometimes it is easy to escape, other times it is difficult. If it is easy to escape the person will leave usually without thinking twice about it. If it is hard to escape, the person will stay. If there is low empathy, the person will leave. If there is high empathy, the person will stay. V. Empathy Study Helping Rates - If empathy is low and escape is easy, about 30% will stay to help and about 70% will leave.- About 60% will help if the conditions are hard to leave, and about 40% will leave. - If the empathy is high, about 60% will help even if they have an easy escape. VI. Bystander Intervention- A major focus in the helping literature has been on factors that can prevent even well-motivated people from intervening in an emergency.- Central discussants have been John Darley (Princeton) and Bibb Latane’ (UNC), who developed a multi-step model of emergency intervention. VII. Core Elements - Notice- not always automatic, but sometimes it is. Ex: Rex collapsing in class. Notice is not necessarily true in a crowded area such as big cities.- Interpretation- ResponsibilityVIII. Notice - Generally automatic.- However, it is not always. - Consider a busy businesswoman walking down a crowded street or a secretary who does not want to stare at homeless person.- If we don’t notice, we don’t help.IX. Interpretation: Is there a need for intervention? - Can be obvious.- However, it is not always. - Consider struggling noises coming through the wall of a hotel or a person lying on a bench in a park.- If we conclude that there is no need for intervention, we don’t help.- Once we notice something, how do we interpret it? - Example: Rex staying at his girlfriend’s house. During the middle of the night, Rex and his girlfriend woke up from their sleep by hearing loud noises comingfrom the apartment below them. They did not know the girl who resided in the apartment that well, but they would occasionally say hi if they passed each other. Considering the noise, they were not sure how to interpret thenoise. They did not know if it was a “good” noise or they of noise coming from someone who may be in trouble. Eventually, Rex and his girlfriend went to check out the apartment below them and it turns out that the girl was being “date raped.” - Interpretation is key. Rex was not sure that he should have intervened, but heis definitely glad that he did. - There are times that we do interpret, but we do not think that it calls for intervention. X. Responsibility: To what degree is it mine? - Is this a family matter (e.g., a situation in which Mom, Dad, or Uncle Bob needs to step in)?- Is this a job for the police - maybe someone stronger or more knowledgeable than me? If we conclude “it is not my job”, we tend not to help.- Who is responsible to step in? - It is not always your responsibility. Sometimes an older adult or another figure needs to step in and handle a certain situation. XI. Responses at each step appear to be influenced by social presence - The presence of others reduces the chance that we:- Will notice. - Will perceive need for intervention.- Will take responsibility.XII. Notice Effect - Distraction- Social Pressures (e.g., not to stare or to keep moving)- More people- more distractions - Social pressures to not do certain things. Ex: Staring at a homeless man XIII. Interpretation Effect - Pluralistic Ignorance- We construe meaning partially in terms of other people’s responses.- A lack of responsiveness