CHEM 2211 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I II Alkenes have double bonds Nomenclature Outline of Current Lecture I II Curvy Arrows show flow of electrons in alkene reactions Thermodynamics and Kinetics Current Lecture I Curvy arrows show flow of electrons in alkene reactions a Electrophile positive partially positive or an atom with an incomplete octet Lewis ACID b Nucleophile negative or partially negative atom Lewis BASE c RULE Nucleophiles always react with electrophiles d The terms acid and base are only used when the nucleophile reacts with an H atom because acid base reaction strength is a thermodynamic property and nucleophile strength is a kinetic property e Pi bonds are weaker than sigma bonds and are the bond most likely to break in a reaction f The step by step process in which reactants are shown turning into products is called mechanisms of reactions i Mechanisms show the movement of electrons from the electron rich source to the electron deficient source via curvy arrows ii We will use the following equation as an example iii In the first step for the following example the double bond is the nucleophile and the H atom attached to the bromine is the electrophile iv In the second step the carbocation created is the electrophile and the bromide ion is the nucleophile II v This type of reaction is called an electrophilic addition reaction because the first atom added was the electrophile Thermodynamics and Kinetics a Thermodynamics how much product is formed b Kinetics how quickly products are formed c Reaction coordinate diagram shows the energy change that occurs during each step of a mechanism d The maximum energy that a reaction has is called the transition state and shows the point at which bonds are being broken and formed
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