CHEM 2211 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last LectureI. What are cycloalkanesII. Rules for NomenclatureIII. AlcoholsI. How alcohols are formedII. Rules for NomenclatureOutline of Current LectureI. Alkyl HalidesII. EthersIII. AminesIV. Conformational IsomersVocabularyAlkyl HalidesEtherAmineConformational IsomerEclipsed ConformerStaggered ConformerCurrent LectureI. Alkyl Halidesa. Much like alcohols, alkyl halides are considered a primary, secondary, or tertiary if they are attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbonb. When using the common naming system for Alkyl Halides, we use the alkyl groupname plus fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide.Butyl Fluoridec. When using the IUPAC naming system, we name the halide first and the alkane group second.5-bromo-6-butyl-4, 7-dimethyldecaneII. Ethersa. Ethers are one oxygen molecule bonded to two alky groupsb. Symmetric ethers have the same substituent on both sides while asymmetric ethers have different substituents on both sidesc. The common name for an ether is to add the names of the two alkyl groups followed by etherEthyl methyl etherd. The IUPAC way of naming is to add the “oxy” to the name of the alkyl group in place of the “yl”. The last name of the compound is the alkane name.i. The shortest alkyl substituent gets the “oxy” ending1-ethoxy-3-methylpentaneIII. Aminesa. Amines, unlike alcohols, ethers, and alkyl halides are determined to be primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary by the number of groups attached to the nitrogen.Primary AmineSecondary AmineTertiary AmineQuaternaryAmineb. For the common naming system, the alkyl substituents are named in alphabeticalorder then the name amine is added to the end.N-ethyl-3-hexanaminec. For IUPAC, the “e” at the end of the alkane name is replaced with “amine”. Any group bonded to nitrogen instead of a carbon is preceded by an italicized N. 4-butyl-3-nonamined. Nitrogen compounds bonded to four different groups are called quaternary ammonium salts. Without the H+ ion, the nitrogen atom has a positive formal charge.i. To name, we put the alkyl function group name together and then add the ending ammonium plus the name of the accompanying anionTetramethylammonium hydroxideIV. Conformational Isomersa. Carbons to carbon single bonds have bond rotation in which each carbon can spin around the bond.b. Conformation Isomers are the different spatial arrangements one molecule can have when rotating about the axis.c. Newman Projections show a carbon to carbon bond lengthwise in which the hydrogens on the first carbon are drawn to intersect each other in the middle and the hydrogens on the second carbon are drawn from the outer ring of the first carbon.d. An eclipsed conformer is when the second molecule cannot be seen behind the first molecule because they are lined up perfectly with each other. EthaneA Newman projection of the ethane molecule and an example of an eclipsed moleculee. A staggered conformer, on the other hand, is a rotation of one carbon by 60° to produce a molecule that is in essence staggered.An example of a staggered
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