BIOL 3451 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last LectureN/AOutline of Current Lecture 1.1 Genetics has a Rich and Interesting History1.2 Genetics Progresses from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix 1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of Cloning1.5 The impact of Biotechnology is Continually Expending1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics1.7 Genetics Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms1.8 We Live in the Age of GeneticsCurrent Lecture1.1 Genetics has a Rich and Interesting History Aristotle: extended Hippocrates’ thinking and proposed that the generation power of male semen resided in a “vital heat” contained within it that had the capacity to produce offspring of the same “form” as the parent. Menstrual blood was the “physical substance” give rise to an offspring, embryo developed not because it always contained the parts in miniature (Hippocratics), but because of the sharing power of the vital heat. Prior 1800s: NO sperm & NO eggs had been observed in mammals. 1600-1850: The Dawn of Modern Biology. 1578-1657: William Harvey: Theory of Epigenesis: an organism is derived from substances present in the egg that differentiate into adult structures during embryonic development. * Conflict with the Theory of Preformation * 1830: Schleider and Schwann: Proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of basic units called cells, which derived from similar preexisting structures. Spontaneous Generation was disproved by Louis Pasteur 1707-1778: Linnaeus: Taxonomy, species classification. 1859: Darwin: The origin of species, Theory of natural selection.1.2 Genetics Progresses from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a CenturyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Mendel: experiment with pea plants. Finding that traits are pass to offspring in predictable ways. His work forms the foundation of genetics. Most eukaryotes diploid # of chromosome (2n) [human 46]Mitosis: each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomeMeiosis: gametes formation [haploid (n) # of chromosome] Sutton & Boveri: proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes. Chromosomes theory of inheritance: the inherited traits are controlled by the genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation. Genetic variation found in the experiment with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The variation was a result of a mutation in the genes controlling eyes color. Resulting in an “allele” of the gene controlling the color of the eye (alternative forms of a gene). Phenotype: different observable feature. Genotype: the set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism. 1944: Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty, 3 researcher showed that DNA was the carrier of genetic information in bacteria. Bacteriophages: viruses that attack bacteria, which consist of a protein coat surrounding a DNA core. DNA is the genetic material1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix  DNA is a ladder-like macromoleculethat twists to form a double helix. Each strand is made of nucleotides. DNA has 4 different nucleotides. 1. Adenine (A)2. Guanine (G)3. Thymine (T)4. Cytosine (C) 1953: James Watson & Francis Crick:established that the 2 strand of DNAare exact complements of oneanother. (A with T; G with C) Gene expression: From DNA to Phenotype.1) In the nucleus. Transcription: thenucleotide sequence in one strand of DNA is used to construct a complementary RNAsequences.2) Move to cytoplasm. Messenger RNA(mRNA) binds to ribosome. 3) Translation: proteins synthesis under thedirection of mRNA.4) End product: Proteins (polymers of aminoacid monomers) The information encoded in mRNA is calledthe genetic code, which consist of a linearseries of nucleotide triplets.  Nucleotides triplet code for a specific codon,which code for a specific proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the proteins. Within the ribosome, tRNA recognizes theinformation encoded in the mRNA codons and matches it with the proper amino acids for protein construction. 20 different amino acids. Enzymes form the largest category of proteins. Serve as biological catalyst (causing biological reactions to proceed at the rates that are necessary for sustaining life.1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of Cloning 1970s: The era of recombinant DNA starts. Started whenresearchers discovered that bacteria protectthemselves from viral infection by producingenzymes (restriction enzymes) that cut viral DNA atspecific sites. Use of vector to make recombinant DNA molecules and transfer them into bacterial cells. As the bacteriareproduce, copy (clone) of the vector + DNAfragment was produce. Collection of clones that contain an entire genome are called genomic libraries.1.5 The impact of Biotechnology is Continually Expending Biotechnology is the use of these modified organisms or their products.  Biotechnologyis also used to enhance the nutritional value of crop plants. 1996: Dolly the sheep was cloned by nuclear transfer, a method in which the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. Transgenic animal: transfer of human genes into the animal.  Gene therapy: clinicians transfer normal genes into individuals affected with genetic disorders.1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics 1990: The Human Genome Project began, which is an international, government-sponsored effort to sequence the human genome and the genomes of five of the model organisms used in genetics research. 1995: First sequenced genome from a free-living organism, a bacterium.1.7 Genetics Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms Drosophila melanogaster& Mus musculus are 2animals especially suitablefor genetic research. Theyare easy to breed, haverelatively short life cycles,and their genetic analysis isfairly straightforward.Those are consider to bemodel organisms. Genes with similar functionin different organisms tend to be similar or identical in structure and nucleotide sequence.1.8 We Live in the Age of Genetics 1860s: Mendel’s work published 1900s: Mendel’s work rediscovered, correlated with chromosome behavior in meiosis 1900s to 1940s: Chromosome theory of