Chapter 21 Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics1) The Human Genome Project, which got under way in 1990, is an international effort to ________.A) construct a physical map of the billions of base pairs in the human genomeB) collect samples of cells from all parts of the world in order to preserve human genetic diversityC) collect plant seeds in order to reduce the impact of human activity on plant extinctionD) clone deleterious genes from humans and study their mode of actionE) clone beneficial genes from humans for eventual use in gene therapyAnswer: ASection: 21.42) Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes, bacterial chromosomes are ________.A) large, mainly organized in single gene transcription units without intronsB) small, mainly organized in single gene transcription units with intronsC) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without intronsD) small, with high gene densityE) large, triple-helix, Z-DNA, organized in single gene units with intronsAnswer: DSection: 21.63) Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are ________.A) large, mainly organized in single gene transcription units without intronsB) small, mainly organized in single gene transcription units with intronsC) large, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without intronsD) small, mainly organized in polygenic transcription units without intronsE) large, linear, less densely packed with protein-coding genes, mainly organized insingle gene units with intronsAnswer: ESection: 21.64) Most of the bacterial genomes described in the text have fewer than ________.A) 10,000 genesB) 5000 base pairsC) 500 genesD) 10,000 base pairsE) 50 genesAnswer: ASection: 21.61Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.5) A bacterial polygenic transcription unit ________.A) contains information for one protein productB) contains information for more than one protein productC) is capped at the 5' end and carries a poly-A tail at the 3' endD) is void of start (AUG) and termination (UAA, UGA, UAG) tripletsE) None of the answers listed is correct.Answer: BSection: 21.66) Numerous scientists around the world have proposed to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes in five years. What is the name of this plan?A) Genome 10KB) Bigger Than Life PlanC) 10K or BustD) Vertebrate BeginningsE) Vertebrate EnlightenmentAnswer: ASection: 21.57) Mycoplasma are among the smallest and perhaps the simplest self-replicating prokaryotes known. M. genitalium contains a genome of 0.58 Mb. Approximately how many genes does this bacterium contain?A) 12B) between 400 and 550C) 1200D) 3000E) 426,000Answer: BSection: 21.68) In general, the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes. In E. coli, approximately 27 percent of all genes are organized into contiguous, functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinate control that are transcribed as a single unit. Such contiguous gene families are called ________.A) transcriptomesB) proteomesC) contigsD) operonsE) pseudogenesAnswer: DSection: 21.62Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.9) The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, yet it has the capacity to produce several hundred thousand gene products. What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number?A) Alternative splicing occurs.B) There are more introns than exons.C) There are more exons than introns.D) Much of the DNA is in the form of trinucleotide repeats, thus allowing multiple startsites for different genes.E) Every gene can be read in both directions, and each gene can have inversions andtranslocations.Answer: ASection: 21.810) What is one major limitation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)?A) It is extremely costly to execute in a typical molecular biology laboratory.B) When products are separated, they tend to leach out of the gel matrix.C) Only the most abundant products are detected.D) 2DGE can be run only on nucleic acids.E) 2DGE is useful only in separating eukaryotic gene products.Answer: CSection: 21.911) Proteomics is the ________.A) process of defining the complete set of proteins encoded by a genomeB) harvesting of proteins from a cell to determine their economic valueC) manipulation of amino acid sequences in proteins to alter their functionD) changing of the terminal sequences of proteins to alter their functionE) rational design of drugs based on protein structureAnswer: ASection: 21.912) Name the two strategic methods that scientists are using to sequence genomes.Answer: clone-by-clone method and shotgun cloningSection: 21.113) What is ELSI?Answer: Under the umbrella of the Human Genome Project, the ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications) program is set up to involve scientists, health professionals, policy makers, and the public in formulating policy and legislation related to the application of human genomic information.Section: 21.114) A number of generalizations can be made about the organization of protein-coding genes in bacterial chromosomes. First, the gene density is very high, averaging about ________.Answer: one gene per kilobase pair of DNASection: 21.2, 21.33Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.15) Archaea (formerly known as archaebacteria) is one of the three major divisions of living organisms; the other two are eubacteria and eukaryotes. Nanoarchaeum equitans is in the Archaea domain and has one of the smallest genomes known, about 0.5 Mb. How can an organism complete its life cycle with so little genetic material?Answer: Such organisms are usually parasites or symbionts and extract many life-supporting materials from their host.Section: 21.616) What appears to be the range of the number of protein-coding genes per genome in eukaryotes?Answer: 5000 to about 45,000Section: 21.617) One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain internal sequences, called ________, that get removed in the mature message.Answer: intervening sequences, or intronsSection: 21.618) What is meant by the term low gene density? Give an example of an organism with low gene density.Answer: Low gene density is common in eukaryotes in which there may be as few as one gene in 64 kb base pairs, as is the case with a segment of human chromosome 22.Section: 21.619) Intron frequency varies considerably among eukaryotes. Provide a general comparison of intron frequencies in yeast and humans. What about intron