Chapter 22 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology1) RFLPs are commonly used in recombinant DNA technology to ________.A) cleave DNA of interestB) generate pharmaceutical products of interestC) serve as recombinant DNA vectorsD) map genes and construct DNA fingerprintsE) substitute for oligonucleotidesAnswer: DSection: 22.52) Which of the following characteristics do SNPs have?A) variable amino acid substitutions, highly heterogeneousB) variable numbers of tandem repeats, highly uniform in the populationC) variable base sequences, variable in the populationD) various nucleotides transcribed repeatedly, homogeneousE) small noteworthy transcribed regions, lethal genesAnswer: CSection: 22.53) Which term is commonly used to describe the production of valuable proteins in genetically modified plants and animals?A) aniplafarmingB) faunafarmingC) biopharmingD) culturingE) genetiproductionAnswer: CSection: 22.14) Gleevec is the trade name of a drug used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia. What generalprocess was used to produce this drug?A) in situ hybridizationB) supplementation with restriction endonucleasesC) rational drug designD) starch gel electrophoresisE) substitution mutagenesisAnswer: CSection: 22.71Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.5) Many instances involving genetically modified organisms, especially food crops, will be entering the human food chain in the years to come. On what basis are genetically modified foods considered safe to eat?A) They are only slightly toxic.B) All products to be cleared for human consumption have been personally tested by all members of the regulatory agency.C) Because of the possible economic impact of rigorous testing, such food products are minimally tested in sheep and cattle.D) Each genetically modified food product is screened for its resistance to antibiotics.E) Genetically modified food products are considered safe if they are found to be not toxic or allergenic or have other negative physiological effects.Answer: ESection: 22.1, 22.86) A DNA microarray (also called a DNA chip) can be used to ________.A) mutate genes of interestB) isolate genes from eukaryotic cell nucleiC) assay protein output from a genomic databaseD) trap genes that are both active and inactiveE) scan a population of nucleic acids for abundance and mutationsAnswer: ESection: 22.57) Under strictly controlled conditions, a probe can be used that will hybridize only with its complementary sequence and not with other sequences that may vary by as little as one nucleotide. What are such probes called?A) generation-specific probesB) short, variable repeatsC) VNTRsD) microsatellitesE) allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)Answer: ESection: 22.88) Alleles that differ by as little as a single nucleotide can be distinguished by synthetic probes known as ________.Answer: allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)Section: 22.89) The transfer of genes into somatic cells is called ________, whereas the transfer of genes into the germ line is called ________; ________ is a form of therapy in which human potential can be enhanced for some desired trait.Answer: somatic gene therapy (or transfection); germ-line therapy (or transgenesis); enhancement gene therapySection: 22.72Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.10) What makes "golden rice" golden?Answer: Golden rice is an example of a nutritionally enhanced crop with elevated levels of β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A.Section: 22.211) Prenatal detection of human diseases has been greatly enhanced by two procedures. Name and briefly describe each.Answer: Amniocentesis is the withdrawal of amniotic fluid by a needle inserted through the mother's abdomen; chorionic villus sampling is the use of a catheter to sample the fetal chorion.Section: 22.512) Briefly describe what is meant by gene therapy.Answer: Gene therapy transfers a normal allele into a somatic cell that carries one or more mutant alleles.Section: 22.713) The first person to receive gene therapy was a young girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. Outline the therapeutic steps involved.Answer: isolation of T cells, mixing T cells with virus containing the normal human ADA gene, infection of T cells with a virus, growth of modified T cells in the laboratory, reintroduction of modified T cells into patientSection: 22.714) List the general genetic requirements and guidelines for gene therapy.Answer: The gene must be available for cloning, there must be an effective means of transferring the gene, target tissue must be accessible, and no other effective therapy can be available.Section: 22.715) What is RNAi?Answer: RNAi (RNA interference) is a form of gene-expression regulation in which double-stranded RNA molecules act, through various intermediates, to degrade mRNAs.Section: 22.716) An unapproved form of gene therapy, known as enhancement gene therapy, can create considerable ethical dilemmas. Why?Answer: Enhancement gene therapy might be used by people who wish to have their children genetically "enhanced" for some desired trait such as increased height, enhanced athletic ability, or exceptional intellectual potential. Like germ-line therapy, enhancement gene therapy is viewedby most as unacceptable; however, gene product is already being used for growth-associated disorders.Section: 22.717) Briefly describe what is meant by the term edible vaccine.Answer: Using recombinant DNA technology, viral surface proteins can be spliced into edible plants with the goal of plant leaves and fruit serving as a source of oral vaccines.Section: 22.13Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.18) How are gene therapy and recombinant DNA technology related?Answer: Gene therapy refers to the application of recombinant DNA technology to treat inherited disorders by replacing defective genes with copies of normal alleles.Section: 22.719) Describe the structure of a DNA microarray and its use.Answer: A DNA microarray is a glass plate divided into fields containing a specific DNA probe of about 20 nucleotides. The sequence of the probe differs by one nucleotide from field to field. A chip can hold more than 500,000 fields. DNA is extracted from cells and cut with one or more restriction enzymes. The fragments are fluorescence tagged, denatured, and annealed to the DNAin the array. Massive amounts of DNA can be screened for sequence changes in a relatively shortperiod of time.Section: 22.520) Genes in their natural