Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics1) What is the name of the company or institution that has access to the health, genealogical, and genetic information of approximately 270,000 residents of Iceland?A) National Institutes of HealthB) deCODEC) GattacaD) BiogenE) American Cancer SocietyAnswer: BSection: Introduction2) A biotechnology company, deCODE, is in the process of creating a database that contains ________.A) the gene sequences of all newborns in the United States beginning in 2006B) a compilation of all the known genes in humans throughout the free worldC) health, genealogical, and genetic information of approximately 270,000 residents of IcelandD) a complete sequence of the human genomeE) all the information available on the human genome projectAnswer: CSection: Introduction3) Why did deCODE select Iceland for its ambitious research project?A) a relatively low degree of genetic diversityB) frequent and extensive mutational burstsC) high genetic diversityD) lack of genealogical informationE) virtual absence of mutationAnswer: ASection: Introduction4) The genetic material DNA consists of basic subunits called ________.A) mitochondriaB) lysosomesC) centriolesD) nucleotidesE) None of the answers listed is correct.Answer: DSection: 1.31Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.5) The immediate product of transcription is ________.A) a phospholipidB) an amino acidC) a proteinD) a carbohydrateE) RNAAnswer: ESection: 1.36) In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized as ________.A) haploid; nB) haploid; 2nC) diploid; 2nD) diploid; nE) None of the answers listed is correct.Answer: CSection: 1.27) Genetics is the study of ________.A) heredity and variationB) mutation and recessionC) transcription and translationD) diploid and haploidE) replication and recombinationAnswer: ASection: 1.28) Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. Theyproposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis of the ________.Answer: Chromosome Theory of InheritanceSection: 1.29) What is a mutation?Answer: A mutation is an inherited change in a gene.Section: 1.210) What is a simple definition of an allele?Answer: An allele is a variant form of a gene.Section: 1.22Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.11) Until the mid-1940s, many scientists considered proteins to be the likely candidates for the genetic material. Why?Answer: Proteins are the most abundant, universally distributed components in cells. Because oftheir great structural and functional diversity, they were considered likely candidates.Section: 1.212) Name the individual who, while working with the garden pea in the mid-1850s, demonstrated quantitative patterns of heredity and developed a theory involving the behavior of hereditary factors.Answer: Gregor MendelSection: 1.213) What does the term genetics mean?Answer: Genetics is a subdiscipline of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation at the molecular, cellular, developmental, organismal, and populational levels.Section: 1.214) Name the substance that serves as the hereditary material in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.Answer: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acidSection: 1.215) Name two individuals who provided the conceptual basis for our present understanding that genes are on chromosomes.Answer: Walter Sutton and Theodore BoveriSection: 1.216) What term is used to describe the fact that different genes in an organism often provide differences in observable features?Answer: phenotypeSection: 1.217) A fundamental property of DNA's nitrogenous bases that is necessary for the double-strandednature of its structure is ________.Answer: complementaritySection: 1.318) Recombinant DNA technology is dependent on a particular class of enzymes, known as ________, that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.Answer: restriction enzymesSection: 1.419) Name the botanist who, in 1900, rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel.Answer: Carl CorrensSection: 1.23Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.20) Genetics is commonly seen as being grouped into several general areas: transmission, molecular, and population/evolution. Which biological processes are studied in transmission genetics?Answer: Mendelian inheritance (segregation and independent assortment), modification of Mendelian patterns, and pedigree analysisSection: Introduction and Summary Points21) Who owns transgenic organisms?Answer: Once produced, a patent can be obtained on a living organism, thereby offering exclusive use of the transgenic organism to the patent holder.Section: 1.522) In 1996, a cloning experiment produced the sheep named Dolly. Contrary to the more traditional method of cloning by embryo splitting, Dolly was produced by which procedure?Answer: nuclear transferSection: 1.423) What term is applied to a variety of projects whereby genome sequences are deposited in databases for research purposes?Answer: genomicsSection: 1.624) The first draft of the human genome sequence was reported in 2001 by two groups, the publicly funded ________ and the private company ________.Answer: Human Genome Project; Celera CorporationSection: 1.625) A number of genomes have been sequenced in recent years: Escherichia coli, Saccharomycescerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus. What are the common names for these organisms?Answer: bacterium, yeast, roundworm, fruit fly, mouseSection: 1.6, 1.726) What is meant by the term genome?Answer: The genome is all the DNA carried in an organism.Section: 1.427) In nonviral systems, what is the nature of the hereditary substance?Answer: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded polymer organized as a double helix.Section: 1.328) What characterizes the content and function of a DNA microarray?Answer: A DNA microarray can carry thousands of genes that can be used to test for gene expression.Section: 1.54Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.29) What is meant by the term gene?Answer: a unit of inheritanceSection: Summary Points30) Distinguish the functions of DNA and RNA in a eukaryote.Answer: DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information; RNA is involved in the expression of stored