Chapter 26 Conservation Genetics1) The genetic variation represented by plants and animals is known as ________.A) biodiversityB) conservationC) evolutionary heterosisD) contract digressionE) None of the answers listed is correct.Answer: ASection: Introduction2) At what levels do most scientists examine genetic diversity?A) species and kingdomB) female and maleC) interspecific and intraspecificD) species A and species BE) higher and lower formsAnswer: CSection: Introduction3) The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that since 1900, ________% of the genetic diversity in agricultural crops had been lost.A) 20B) 30C) 50D) 75E) 90Answer: DSection: Introduction4) Interspecific diversity refers to diversity ________.A) between speciesB) within speciesC) within a particular populationD) within an individualE) within an isolated populationAnswer: ASection: Introduction1Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.5) The shrinking of available habitat reduces populations of wild species and often also isolates them from one another. Individual populations become trapped in pockets of undeveloped land surrounded by areas of agriculture. This process is called ________.A) isolationB) stagnationC) overdevelopmentD) underdevelopmentE) population fragmentationAnswer: ESection: 26.16) Predominantly inbreeding species, such as those that self-fertilize, tend to have greater levels of ________ than ________ diversity, respectively.A) interpopulation; intrapopulationB) isopopulation; gametopopulationC) intrapopulation; interpopulationD) specific; interspecificE) nonmutant; mutantAnswer: ASection: 26.17) Which experimental technique employs the "obscure" bacterium Thermus aquaticus that was first discovered in a thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park?A) centrifugationB) complementationC) northern blottingD) PCRE) electrophoresisAnswer: DSection: Introduction8) What are allozymes?A) multiple versions of a single enzyme in a speciesB) multiple genes in a chromosomeC) variations that are lethal in homozygotesD) variations that give a selective advantage in the heterozygous stateE) multiple forms of mitochondrial DNAAnswer: ASection: 26.29) What is meant by the effective population size (Ne)?Answer: The effective population size is defined as the number of individuals in a population having an equal probability of contributing gametes to the next generation.Section: 26.22Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.10) What is meant by the absolute population size (N)?Answer: the total number of individuals in the populationSection: 26.211) Briefly describe what is meant by a population bottleneck.Answer: Bottlenecks occur when a population or species is reduced to a few reproducing individuals whose offspring then increase in numbers over subsequent generations to reestablish the population.Section: 26.212) After a population or species experiences a bottleneck, what might be expected in terms of biodiversity in the survivors?Answer: Biodiversity will be reduced.Section: 26.213) When a new population, derived from a small subset of individuals, has significantly less genetic diversity than the original population, it is said to be exhibiting a(n) ________.Answer: founder effectSection: 26.214) When the number of breeding individuals is small, there is a high likelihood of genetic drift. One likely result is ________.Answer: fixation of allelesSection: 26.315) What is measured by the inbreeding coefficient (F)?Answer: F measures the probability that two alleles of a given gene in an individual are derived from a common ancestral gene.Section: 26.216) Briefly describe the common negative aspect of inbreeding depression.Answer: loss of heterozygosity and an increased homozygosity of deleterious allelesSection: 26.317) The number of deleterious alleles present in the gene pool of a population is referred to as the________.Answer: genetic loadSection: 26.318) The gradual exchange of alleles between two populations brought about by the dispersal of gametes or the migration of individuals is called ________.Answer: gene flowSection: 26.23Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.19) The loss of previously existing genetic diversity from a population or a species is referred to as ________.Answer: genetic erosionSection: 26.420) Briefly describe the difference between ex situ conservation and in situ conservation.Answer: Ex situ conservation involves the removal of organisms from their original habitat to anartificially maintained location; in situ conservation deals with organisms in their original habitat.Section: 26.521) The strategy of boosting numbers of organisms in a declining population by transplantation of the same species collected from more numerous populations elsewhere is called ________.Answer: population augmentationSection: 26.522) Describe a potential problem associated with population augmentation.Answer: Outbreeding depression can occur because the progeny of crosses between the native and introduced species may be less fit for the native environment.Section: 26.523) Interspecific diversity and intraspecific diversity provide an assessment of essentially identical parameters.Answer: FALSESection: Introduction24) Genetic variation within populations can be measured as the frequency of individuals in the population that are heterozygous at a given locus or as the number of different alleles at a locus that are present in the gene pool.Answer: TRUESection: 26.125) Population fragmentation results from conditions that reduce habitats and trap individual populations in undeveloped land surrounded by areas of developed land.Answer: TRUESection: 26.326) Intrapopulation genetic diversity increases under prolonged conditions of population fragmentation.Answer: FALSESection: 26.127) DNA profiles can be used to detect and quantify genetic differences between individuals.Answer: TRUESection: 26.14Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.28) Restriction enzyme polymorphisms allow DNA profiling through the use of electrophoresis.Answer: TRUESection: 26.129) DNA fingerprinting can be applied to problems involving endangered species because, with the DNA fingerprint, systems of migration, breeding, and heterozygosity can be assessed.Answer: TRUESection: 26.130) Allozyme analysis allows an investigator an opportunity to determine the sequence of a particular stretch of DNA.Answer: FALSESection: 26.231) The effective population size is