BIOL 1030 – TOPIC 9 LECTURE NOTESTopic 9: Plant Nutrition, Growth and Development (Chs. 36-39)I. PLANT NUTRIENTS A. nutrition overview1. there are nutrients that plants must obtain from their environment2. most nutrients are obtained from the soil3. cultivation and fertilization practices affect soil quality4. some plants have adaptations to aid survival in areas with nutrient limitationsB. two classes: macronutrients (lots needed) and micronutrientsC. listed as elements, but some elements must be in certain forms to be used (example: N works as NO3- or NH4+, not as N2)D. macronutrients1. 9 of them: C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S2. each usually about 1% or more of dry weight3. most abundant C, O (each 44% dry weight), H (6% dry weight)4. nitrogen (N) is usually the most limiting factor (plants need lots of it, and in particular forms)E. micronutrients1. 7 of them: Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo2. needs range from one to several hundred parts per million3. micronutrient needs so small they can be hard to studyF. studies of nutrient deficiencies have revealed diagnostic symptoms (can be used to recommend treatments)II. SOIL A. natural soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks (weathering of Earth’s outer crust)B. rocks consist of many different minerals (inorganic compounds of elements)C. weathering includes physical and biological processesD. mineral particles1. variety of sizes2. in most soils, the most abundant particles range from coarse sand with visible particles (up to 2 mm diameter) to clay with very small particles (2 µm or less)E. soil may also have humus – decaying organic materialF. topsoil – a mixture of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus1 of 15BIOL 1030 – TOPIC 9 LECTURE NOTES1. where most roots are (some go deeper)2. erosion = loss of topsoil• may deprive plants of proper nutrients• may deprive plants of consistent water supply• may alter downstream environmentsG. about half of soil volume spaces or pores, which may have waterH. water in soil1. clay holds water very well (electrostatic attraction), often too well2. sand allows rapid drainage3. best soils typically a mix (called loams)III. CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION A. natural processes to replace nutrients include decomposition, nitrogen fixation, fireB. sometimes, plants deplete the nutrients much faster than they can be replacedC. loss of fertility is a common problem with farms (nutrients leave when plants harvested)D. farming practices to keep or replenish soil fertility1. crop rotation – alternating two or more crops that complement each other in nutrient usage and replenishment (example: alternate soybeans, which harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria, with other crops)2. plow under plant material – only remove what you need at harvest3. leave fields “fallow” and plow under what grows4. fertilizing – directly adding nutrients to soil• natural/organic (manure, dead animals, plowed under plants)• commercial fertilizers usually add N, P, K (numbers indicate percentage) can be expensive; can pollute water supplies and damage ecosystems• other nutrients added on case-by-case basis• organic fertilizer makes humus, which helps hold water and is usually less polluting of surface watersIV. NUTRITIONAL ADAPTATIONS A. “carnivorous” plants1. sandy, acidic soils (like bogs) often have too little nitrogen (and perhaps phosphorus)2 of 15BIOL 1030 – TOPIC 9 LECTURE NOTES2. some plants are adapted to get nutrient supplements from trapped, killed animals3. Southeastern U.S. is a “hot spot” for such “carnivorous” plants4. fertilizing these areas can allow other plants to out-compete the carnivorous plants5. some examples (that you need to be familiar with) follow6. Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) – native to coastal Carolinas• specialized leaves form trap• three sensory hairs each lobe used as triggers• brushed hair initiates electrical impulse, leading to a very rapid water accumulation in the outer regions of lobes; trap snaps shut• secrete digestive enzymes• catch more ants and grasshoppers than flies7. sundews (Drosera)• trichomes acts as glands, secrete sticky substances• leaves often curl around trapped insects, increasing number of insect/trichome contacts• digestive enzymes part of trichome secretions8. butterworts (Penguicula)• glands on leaves secrete sticky substances and digestive enzymes• leaves may curl some around captured insects• capture mostly gnats9. pitcher plants (Sarracenia and others)• pitcher-shaped leaves hold water• insects (mainly) attracted by colors and “light windows”• once inside, hairs pointing down make climbing back up nearly impossible• some may secrete digestive enzymes, but other organisms in the pitcher do much of the digestion (mutualisms with bacteria, protists) 10. bladderworts (Utricularia)• traps in aqueous environment (including wet soils)• traps are bladder-like leaves that have a spring-like trapdoor• secrete digestive enzymes•B. mutualisms3 of 15BIOL 1030 – TOPIC 9 LECTURE NOTES1. nitrogen-fixing bacteria – able to convert N2 to NH3; often live in specialized root nodules in plants types that have this mutualism, especially legumes2. mycorrhizae – about 90% of vascular plants have these relationships between their roots and certain fungi; important mostly for phosphorous and micronutrient uptakeV. WATER (and mineral) TRANSPORT A. overview – How does water climb a 10-story tree?1. capillary action pulls water partway up tubes• thinner tube = greater height• but only about 1 meter for xylem width2. transpiration (evaporation of water, mainly from leaves)• continuous water column• remove water at leaf: negative pressure potential (vacuum)• tensile strength of water column = pull water up to replace• water potential concept higher water potential at roots movement is from high potential to low potential3. root pressure – active transport of ions into roots, leads to water coming in by osmosis4. net result• energy enters system by evaporation (ultimately from sun)• energy used to do work of pulling water up against gravity• analogous to sucking water up a straw; the stem is the straw• energy also provided by plant to push water in (root pressure)B. absorption by roots1. most water enters through root hairs (large collective surface area)2. ions are actively pumped into root hairs• proton pumps in root hair plasma membrane work against