STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 2 (Topics 6-12)The second exam, on 12th March 2008, covers Topics 6-12. The lecture outlines and your notes from class should be used as the main source of study. However, do look over the textbook, especially the figures. All questions will be based on the lecture notes and material covered in class. The exam will contain 40 questions, each of which will be worth 4 points, and the exam is worth 160 points. There will also be extra questions which will be bonus points over the total 160. Pay close attention to the taxonomic groups and the bold terms in the lecture notes. Many questions about a taxonomic group (kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, class, etc.) will include key identifying traits, with an emphasis on unique traits or facts about the group (for example, the fact that members of class Ctenophora move using comb-like plates of cilia). Your will be choosing the appropriate group based on a description. If a single common name is paired with a group in the outline that name may be an important clue for choosing the proper group name, or it may just be paired with the group name in the answer choices (for example, Scyphozoa/jellyfish ). Also, if a particular species, genus, or other group was mentioned in the description of a group, that detail has a good chance of showing up as one of the clues in a question about that group. Topic 6● What is heterospory, which of the different plant groups are hetersporous or homosporous. Which groups are uniformly heterosporous? How was the evolution of heterospory important to the evolution of seed producing plants?● What is the function of seeds, what is the structure of a seed – which parts are haploid, diploid and triploid. Drawing a diagram of a seed might help. How does a seed provide terrestrial adaptation? What plant groups produce true seeds. ● Know the general characteristics and meaning of “gymnosperms.” What are the four phyla ?● Know the pine life cycle (which generations are dominant? What dependencies are present? Any unique structures/terms?)● Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.● Topic 6/7 combined: know modern classification of seed plants (and its basis) as presented in the notes and in class.Topic 7● Know the general characteristics and meaning of “angiosperms” and phylum Anthophyta.● Distinguish between monocots and eudicots, what are their characteristics ?● Know general characteristics of the angiosperm life cycle.● Know the parts of a flower – the 4 flower whorls, the parts that make them up, the typical functions of these parts, and the trends in floral evolution. Draw a typical flower and label the following parts: peduncle, receptacle, calyx, corolla, perianth, androecium, stamen, filament, anther, gynoecium, pistil, carpels, stigma, style, ovary ● Know what a fruit is, why plants make fruits (to enhance seed dispersal), and the “dispersal syndromes” associated with fruits. What tissue in a flower is the fruit derived from? Distinguishamong the several types of fleshy and dry fruits. Explain the differences among simple, aggregate, multiple and accessory fruits. ● Know the general characteristics of flowers associated with the described “pollination syndromes.”● Know how plants may reproduce asexually, how they may inbreed, and how their sexual reproduction can be arranged to promote outcrossing.● Know the advantages and disadvantages of inbreeding.Topic 8For this section, you could use the lecture notes and your class notes alone. You will not necessarily need to use the textbook for this section. However, you should use the figures in the textbook along with your notes. ● What are plant meristems.● Know the 3 basic plant tissue types (4 if you include meristem) and their relationships (what makes what).● What are the differences and terms associated with primary and secondary growth.● What are the cell types derived from different tissue types.● What do xylem and phloem do and what are their component cell types.● Know the typical root structure, both in longitudinal and cross-section [4x4(x4) root structure] ● Know young and mature woody eudicot stem cross-sections.● Know stem terminology (node, internode, axillary buds, etc.).● Know eudicot leaf cross-section.● Know the different kinds of leaf arrangement - simple vs. pinnately compound vs. palmately compound leaves, alternate vs. opposite vs. whorled leaf arrangement.● Know the terms associated with modified roots, stems, and leaves.Topic 9For this section, you could use the lecture notes and your class notes alone. You will not necessarily need to use the textbook for this section. However, you should use the figures in the textbook along with your notes. We did not cover “Molecular mechanisms of plant development” Section VIII in your lecture notes. There will be no questions from this section.● What are the factors involved in water transport in the xylem, including ion pumping and energy requirements.● Know the terms associated with xylem and water/ion transport.● What is the pressure flow hypothesis for movement of carbohydrate-rich phloem fluid, including terms and details such as “sink” and “source” and “phloem loading.”● What are the macronutrients that make up the bulk of plant dry weight (C, O, and H).● Why are macro- and micronutrients needed.● Know the macro- and micronutrients by elemental symbol.● Know about what makes good soil and why soils may need nutrient supplements.● Know about human and plant practices to supplement soils.● Know about examples of nutritional adaptations – the “carnivorous” plant types covered, associating trap types with names of plant types; and also the mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and fungi (mycorrhizae).● Know the general hallmarks of plant development.● Know about key structures and terms in embryo development, seed germination, and seedlings.● Know the concepts of totipotency, hormones, tropisms, turgor movements, and photoperiodism.● Know the signature effects of each of the 5 well-studied plant hormones.● Know about salicyclic acid, involved in plant defense responses against pathogens and considered by many to be a plant hormone.● Know the types of tropisms discussed.● Know the relationship between phytochrome forms and flowering for short-day and long-day plants.Topics 10-12● What are the general characteristics defining Kingdom Animalia