Kingdom FungiFungal PhylaSlide 3Fungal Phyla: ZygomycotaSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Fungal Phyla: AscomycotaSlide 9PowerPoint PresentationSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Fungal Phyla: BasidiomycotaSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Fungal Groups: Fungi ImperfectiSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Special Fungal MutualismsSlide 30Lichen ImportanceSlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Special Fungal Use: BiocontrolPlants: Kingdom PlantaeSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Oxygen and OzoneThe Ozone HoleSlide 43Slide 44Plants: General FeaturesSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Plants: Where from?Slide 56Kingdom Fungi•Continued......Fungal Phyla•3 phyla but 4 groups:•Phylum Zygomycota (zygomycetes or bread molds): Meiospores made by zygosporangium (resistant microscopic structure). •Phylum Ascomycota (ascomycetes or sac fungi): Meiospores made in sac-like ascus. Asci (plural) containing in fruiting body called ascoma (plural ascomata). •Phylum Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes or club fungi): Meiospores made on club-like basidium. Basidia (plural) contained in fruiting body called basidioma (plural basidiomata).Fungal Phyla•3 phyla but 4 groups•4th group? Fungi that don’t make meiospores (to our knowledge)•Called Imperfect Fungi •Reproduce only asexually (by mitospores)•Not a true phylum but a temporary holding group.Fungal Phyla: Zygomycota•Small group (1,000 species)Fungal Phyla: Zygomycota•Small group (1,000 species)•Make coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls).Fungal Phyla: Zygomycota•Zygosporangium is key trait: often thick-walled and stress-resistant•No dikaryotic hyphae: karyogamy followed by meiosis.Zygosporangiaof 3 genera of zygomycetesZygosporangiumphotoFungal Phyla: Zygomycota•Make two types of spores:–meiospores from zygosporangium–mitospores (asexual) from mitosporangia. These help fungus to spread rapidly.meiosporesmitosporesFungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Largest group of fungi (32,000 species)MorelScarletcupCarbonfungusFungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Hyphae septate•Meiospores (called ascospores) made in ascus in ascoma (fruiting body)•Dikaryotic hyphae and monokaryotic hyphae together form ascoma.AscomaFungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Mitospores often made by pinching off cells at tips of hyphae. These called conidia. Each can start new mycelium.Fungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Yeasts: an important group of (mostly) ascomycetes•Fermentation by yeasts useful for making alcoholic beverages and in baking. Worth billions of dollars a year to industry.Modern industrialwine-makingFungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Yeasts: an important group of (mostly) ascomycetes•Some yeasts can cause disease: yeast infections and others.Yeast infectionbetween toesFungal Phyla: Ascomycota•Some ascomata are edible and highly prized by gourmets•Truffles (worth up to $320/pound)•MorelsMorelTrufflecut openPile oftrufflesFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Large group (22,000 species)Earth starsInky capsFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Hyphae septateFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Meiospores made on club-shaped basidium in basidioma (fruiting structure)•Dikaryotic hyphae predominate in life of organism, and basidioma made only of these hyphae.Fungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Basidiomata commonly observed.A stinkhornA shelf or bracket fungusA jelly fungusA mushroomFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Sometimes form circle as fungus grows from initial point: “fairy ring”Fungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Sexual reproduction: Usually do not make mitospores, but mycelium can become fragmented to form separate individuals.Fungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Humongous fungus!•Largest organism on planet? •Armillaria in National Forest in Oregon reported to be 3.5 miles across, cover 2,200 acres. May be 2,400 yr old.Fig. 36.6Aerial view of smaller forest patches infected by Armillariain MontanaFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Importance:–decomposersRotting logwith basidiomataon itFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Importance:–food (basidioma eaten, but beware of poisonous ones)Amanita (death cap fungus:A poisonous basidiomaFungal Phyla: Basidiomycota•Importance:–pathogens of plants (smuts and rusts cause billions of dollars in damage to grain crops).Corn smutStemrustonwheatErgot on wheator ryeErgotism, LSD, Salem witch trialsFungal Groups: Fungi Imperfecti•Large group (17,000 species)•Hyphae septate•Reproduction asexual only, by conidia•Most thought to be Ascomycota fungi, but until sexual reproduction observed we can’t be sure!Fig. 36.12, showingconidia of severalgeneraFungal Groups: Fungi Imperfecti•Importance–decomposers–food rotters (can make toxins: aflatoxins in peanuts)–food production (flavor cheeses: Roquefort, Bleu cheese)Bleu cheeseFungal Groups: Fungi Imperfecti•Importance–produce antibiotics (ex, penicillin from Penicillium) and other drugs (cyclosporin)Note inhibited growth of Staph bacterium near fungus colonyFungal Groups: Fungi Imperfecti•Importance–plant and animal diseases (human examples: athlete’s foot and ringworm)Ringworm on legAthlete’s foot infectionsSpecial Fungal Mutualisms•Mutualism: relationship between 2 species where both benefit•Lichens: partnership between fungi and unicellular photosynthesizer (green alga or cyanobacteria)Fig. 36.13Special Fungal Mutualisms•Fungus forms body and protects and directs photosynthesizer, obtains materials from partner•Together, can colonize harsh environments.Fig. 36.14Lichen Importance•Primary producers in harsh environments (base of food chains)•Ex, reindeer in arctic eat large amounts of lichens•Some are pollution sensitive: used as bioindicators of air quality.Special Fungal Mutualisms•Mycorrhizae: Association of fungus with plant root•Common: 90% of plants do this!•Mutualism: fungus extends into soil and aids in uptake of nutrients (P, Zn, Cu in particular) for plant•Fungus obtains sugars from plant.Special Fungal Mutualisms•Important in revegetation/reclamation of disturbed areas: if fungi not present, plants don’t do well!.Plant on left grownwithout mycorrhizal fungiSpecial Fungal Mutualisms•Two types: endomycorrhizae in which fungus penetrates root cells•Ectomycorrhizae in which fungus penetrates between root cells.Fig. 36.15aFig. 36.15bSpecial Fungal Use: Biocontrol•Biocontrol: Using an organism’s natural enemies against it•Some fungi attack insect pests•Some fungi capture and consume nematodes (roundworms) that can cause agricultural