MAN-COMPUTER SYMBIOSISJ. C. R. LICKLIDERa brief summaryBy Tom GibesWho is“Lick”?Who is Lick ? Assumed Leadership of ARPA (Advanced Research p(Projects Agency) in 1962 Redirected funding from companies to universities, hi h b ht th d i i t ilitid tilwhich brought the academic into a military-industrial institutionIn 1962 proposed that universities linked their computersIn 1962 proposed that universities linked their computers together to share software tools Though he left ARPA in 1964, the network he envisioned developed into ARPAnet–first link established in 1969 Remained a force in interactive computing and promoted computing as a new mediapromoted computing as a new mediaWhat is Man-Computer Symbiosis?py Expected development in which in which ppcomputers facilitate formative thinking by man (as opposed to just facilitating the solution)Sblfhi tSub-class of man-machine systems Between “mechanically extended man” and AIMechanical extension has turned into automationMechanical extension has turned into automation “The men who remain are there more to help than to be helped” AI may be ultimate paradigm for complex tech systems, but that is still far offAims of Man-Computer SymbiosispyBring computers into theformulative(not aBring computers into the formulative(not a word, Lick…) part of technical problems Needed because some problems are very difficult pyto think through in advance The question is not “What is the answer?” but “What is the question?” Bring computing into real-time thinking Strongly dependent on technology (Prerequisite?)WHY???Because it would improve problem solving in anBecause it would improve problem solving in an important way!!! Used himself as a preliminary test subjectpyj 85% of thinking time was spent “getting into position” Most time devoted to clerical or mechanical tasks Much of what he considered limited by clerical viability Reinforces the need for this symbiotic relationship by hi hli hti h th t di l i l t k ldhighlighting how these tedious clerical tasks could be quickly finished by a computerSeparable FunctionspMan responsible for:Man responsible for: Motivation – leading contributions (fallible) Evaluation – judging contributions Very-low-probability situations (requires flexibility) Computer responsible for: Converting hypotheses into models Transforming data, interpolate and extrapolateClerical activitiesClerical activities Pattern-matching, relevance-recognition (secondary)(y)PrerequisitesqSpeed-MatchingSpeedMatching Envisions a library-like “thinking center” w/ a network component (Wikipedia) Memory/ processings costs diffused among many computers (SETI@home)Memory Hardware RequirementsMemory Hardware Requirements Outdated concern (Billions of Bits != Billions of Dollars) Memory Organization Requirements Also outdated (Pre – RAM, serialized searching)Prerequisites (cont)q() Language Problemgg Computer instructions are “courses” Human instructions are “goals” Lessened with the use of compilers (Processing!) Input and Output EquipmentDkSf Dil dCtl(itiDesk Surface Display and Control (writing recognition)Wall Display (ease of coordination–MS surface)Wall Display (ease of coordination MS surface) Speech Recognition (voice dialing, appliance control, simple data entry, aircraft
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