Sources of Geographic InformationThe GOES ProgramThe Early GOES SatellitesGeostationary OrbitThe Later GOES SatellitesGOES-East and GOES-WestThe GOES ImagerThe GOES ImagerThe GOES SatelliteGOES-East North America ImagesGOES-East North America ImagesGOES-East North America ImagesGOES Derived Products - FireGOES Derived Products - CloudsGOES Derived Products - SSTAVHRRAVHRR CharacteristicsAVHRR BandsNormalized Difference Vegetation IndexNDVI from AVHRRAVHRR Satellite Imagery - NDVIAVHRR Satellite Imagery - TsMODISMODIS CharacteristicsMODIS OrbitMODIS Applications - Fire DamageMODIS Applications - SSTMODIS Applications - AlgaeDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•Data properties: Spatial data, i.e. data that are associated with geographic locations•Data format: digital (analog data for traditional paper maps)•Data Inputs:•sampled from the real world•digitizing from paper maps•produced by government agencies, e.g. census bureau, USGS, USFS, state government, etc.•space or airborne remote sensing(NASA, NOAA, commercial, etc.)Approximately 80% of the duration of many large scale GIS projects is concerned with data input and managementSources of Geographic InformationDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•The GOES (Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite) program is a joint venture between the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)•NASA’s primary responsibility was to engineer the launchof the satellites and place them in orbit•NOAA is concerned with the science associated with the collected data; the GOES satellites are primarily applied to atmospheric research (collecting meteorological and climatological data, producing energy budgets and atmospheric gas composition assays, predicting severe weather, tracking sea surface temperatures etc.) The GOES ProgramDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•The complete details of every GOES satellite would be tedious to list here … the GOES program started around the same time as the Landsat program, having grown out of the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) program that began in the late 1960’s (SMS-1 launched May 17, 1974)•SMS-1, SMS-2, GOES-1, GOES-2, and GOES-3 were all essentially the same, carrying the Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR), which effectively was a camera that could provide visible and infrared photographs of cloud conditions over a ‘full disk’ view of half of the Earth•The geostationary orbit of this series of satellites meant that their effective spatial and temporal resolutions are very different from those we have seen so farThe Early GOES SatellitesDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•Instead of revolving around the Earth every 90-100 minutes in a sun-synchronous orbit like the other satellites we have discussed, these satellites were placed into an orbit that maintains a fixed relationship with the Earth•These orbits are very high (~35,800 km above the surface of the Earth), and the combination of this high orbit with a broad field of view means that sensors on these platforms can image a ‘full-disk’ or half the planet at one time•Because this orbit is geostationary, these satellites can image that half of the planet within their view continuouslysuch that information can be gathered over the full diurnal night-day cycle, although spatial resolution is sacrificed in this approach (much bigger pixels!)Geostationary OrbitDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•A total of 12 GOES Satellites have been launched through the course of the program, and at present, there are 4 that remain potentially operational:•GOES-9 is being used by the Japanese Meteorological Agency to replace a satellite they lost•GOES-10 is currently designated GOES-EAST and is imaging the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean•GOES-11 is in orbit and dormant, waiting to be used to replace another satellite when it fails (in storage)•GOES-12 is currently designated GOES-WEST and is imaging the Pacific OceanThe Later GOES SatellitesDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES-East and GOES-Westhttp://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/genlsatl.htmlDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005The GOES Imager•The current GOES satellites carry multiple sensors, but the one we are chiefly interested in is simply called the Imagerhttp://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/imager.htmlDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005The GOES Imager•The GOES Imager is a five channel (one visible, four infrared) imaging radiometer designed to sense radiant and solar reflected energy from sampled areas of the earth•Like the Thematic Mapper, the Imager is a ‘wiskbroom’scanner that sweeps back and forth using a mirror scanning system that can instantaneously image an 8km square pixel in its lowest resolution band (at nadir; when pointed at a part of the Earth that if further from the point directly below the satellite, the shape and size of a pixel become distorted)•The Imager can scan a 3000 by 3000 km (1864 by 1864 miles) extent centered over the United States in less than a minute, although it is often used to produce “full-disk”images of the visible hemisphereDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005The GOES Satellite•This is an artist’s conception of GOES platform, with the usual solar panels, antennae, sensors, etc.http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goesstatus/David Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES-East North America Imageshttp://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/east/latest_eastvis.jpgDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES-East North America Imageshttp://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/east/latest_eastir.jpgDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES-East North America Imageshttp://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/east/latest_eastwv.jpgDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES Derived Products - Firehttp://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/burn/wfabba/wfabba_nag12.htmlDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES Derived Products - Cloudshttp://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/realtime/ctpimgg12.05067.2100.gifDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005GOES Derived Products - SSThttp://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/sst/latest_sst.gifDavid Tenenbaum – GEOG 070 – UNC-CH Spring 2005•AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radio-meter)is also a joint venture between NASA and NOAA, and this sensor has