Slide 1Uses of MapsCartographic CommunicationSlide 4Thematic vs. Reference“Rules” of cartographyMap elementsTitlesSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11LegendLegendsSlide 14Textual informationSlide 16Map ElementsCoordinate gridData symbolizationSymbolizationSlide 21Slide 22Slide 23Bertin’s Visual VariablesSlide 25SizeShapeDimensions of ColorColor Hue (Color)Color ValueTextureOrientationArrangementMap Layout and DesignSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37Simultaneous Color ContrastSlide 39Slide 40Visual centerSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Hierarchical OrganizationSlide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Text: Selection and PlacementGeography 70Geography 70Map DesignMap DesignCartographic CommunicationCartographic CommunicationUses of MapsUses of MapsTo record and store information for reference.To record and store information for reference.To analyze locational distributions and spatial To analyze locational distributions and spatial patterns.patterns.To present information and communicate To present information and communicate findings (often to help facilitate decision-findings (often to help facilitate decision-making). making).Cartographic Cartographic CommunicationCommunicationSuccess or failure on the part of the Success or failure on the part of the cartographer depends on whether or cartographer depends on whether or not the map communicates the not the map communicates the intended information. intended information.Cartographic Cartographic CommunicationCommunicationHow do I say what to whom?How do I say what to whom?Cartographer (I)Cartographer (I)map reader/audience (whom)map reader/audience (whom)map design and production (how)map design and production (how)subject of the map (what)subject of the map (what)Thematic vs. ReferenceThematic vs. ReferenceThematic mapsThematic mapsspatial distribution of particular variablesspatial distribution of particular variablesOften created by GIS analysts Often created by GIS analysts Reference mapsReference mapsUSGS Topo maps, navigation charts, tax USGS Topo maps, navigation charts, tax mapsmapsGenerally created by large mapping Generally created by large mapping organizationsorganizations““Rules” of cartographyRules” of cartographyExample: “maps should always have a scale bar” Example: “maps should always have a scale bar” ””Rules” should be considered in terms of what the Rules” should be considered in terms of what the cartographer is trying to communicate with the mapcartographer is trying to communicate with the mapExample: A series of page-sized maps of the entire U.S. Example: A series of page-sized maps of the entire U.S. displaying different population variables by state? displaying different population variables by state? » a scale bar may not be important for these maps.» a scale bar may not be important for these maps.Readers are likely to already be familiar with the size and Readers are likely to already be familiar with the size and shape of the U.S. shape of the U.S. The purpose of these maps has nothing to do with The purpose of these maps has nothing to do with measuring distances. measuring distances. But, some guidelines...But, some guidelines...Map elementsMap elementsMost common: Most common: •map/spatial data map/spatial data •title title •scale scale •legend legend •north arrow north arrow •inset(s) inset(s) •textual information (incl. textual information (incl. spatial metadataspatial metadata) ) •border, neatlines border, neatlines •coordinate gridcoordinate gridLargest and most noticeable text on the mapLargest and most noticeable text on the mapBe precise! no superfluous words.Be precise! no superfluous words.Can be a label, or can be a sentence.Can be a label, or can be a sentence.Consistent format in titles for maps in a seriesConsistent format in titles for maps in a seriesNo "Map of..." in the title -- we know it's a mapNo "Map of..." in the title -- we know it's a mapTitlesTitlesScaleScaleOnly graphic scales will survive enlargement or reduction during reproduction Only graphic scales will survive enlargement or reduction during reproduction Some thematic maps may not need a scale barSome thematic maps may not need a scale bar10 milesLegendsLegendsAlmost always required on thematic maps Almost always required on thematic maps Symbolization in the legend must exactly match symbolization used on the mapSymbolization in the legend must exactly match symbolization used on the mapNo "Legend" in the title for the legendNo "Legend" in the title for the legendLegendLegendMap credits: MEASURE Project, Carolina Population Center, UNC-Chapel HillLegendsLegendsInsetsInsetslocator maps (where is this map in relation to the others?)locator maps (where is this map in relation to the others?)Example: the Alabama page in a US road atlasExample: the Alabama page in a US road atlasdetail maps detail maps Example: Raleigh inset/blowup map on a North Carolina mapExample: Raleigh inset/blowup map on a North Carolina mapTextual informationTextual informationCommon uses:Common uses:author/publisher author/publisher date of production date of production date of map information date of map information projection type and coordinate system informationprojection type and coordinate system informationdata sourcesdata sourcesbrief information on how the map was producedbrief information on how the map was producedBorders, neatlinesBorders, neatlinesProvide a graphic "container” Provide a graphic "container”Map ElementsMap ElementsLegendScaleText:Projection/sourceNorth ArrowInsetMap/figureNeat lineBorderTitleCoordinate gridCoordinate gridData symbolizationData symbolizationFor vector data: basic symbol elements For vector data: basic symbol elements (Geographic Primitives) are:(Geographic Primitives) are:PointsPointsLinesLinesAreasAreasChoice of symbol is scale dependentChoice of symbol is scale dependentSymbolizationSymbolizationNominal/categorical dataNominal/categorical dataSymbolizationSymbolizationOrdinal dataOrdinal dataSymbolizationSymbolizationInterval DataInterval DataSymbolizationSymbolizationRatio DataRatio DataBertin’s Visual VariablesBertin’s Visual Variables Jacques Bertin, French geographerJacques Bertin, French geographerclassified different graphic methods for classified different graphic
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