BIOL 3800 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 17Lecture 11 (October 2)Vision What is (hyperopia)? (far sightedness) parallel light rays focus behind retina (relaxed muscles). Can accomadate and form image with effort (short eyeball or weak lens system). Great difficulty seeing near objects.Must also know what myopia, and emmetropia are be able to describe why myopia occurs.In physical optics what is the formula to find object distance, image distance, and focal distance?1/OD + 1/ID = 1/fThe 1st hypothesis that tries to explain membrane potential is the Ca++ hypothesis and what arethe steps? First Na+ dark current leaks, then there is a release of transmitter, photons are absorbed, then cis-trans isomerization of retinal, then release of Ca++ and stabilization of the membrane, then there is reduction of Na+ leak current, then polarization and vesicle release stops. Dr. Gross mayask for you to explain this process be able to explain both this hypothesis and the second hypothesis on membrane potential.vesicle release stoppedLecture 12 (October 7) What are the subdivisions of the telencephalon and what do they do?The Pallium (cortex+fibers) which is responsible for higher functions, abstraction, planningThe Basal Nuclei which is responsible for learned motor patterns Structures: caudate, lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nucleus, and claustrum.The Rhinencephalon olfaction," smell-brain" 1/2 of limbic system)hippocampus (memory organization)Must know this as well as all the subdivision of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain well as well as what those subdivisions are responsible for.Lecture 13 (October 9)The unique H structure of the spinal cord disappears at the __________. In its place are several patches of __________.medulla, nuclei (clusters of neurons with similar function). Must know the pictures well and relative ideas of where certain structures are in all the diagrams. Lecture 14 (October 14)What are the steps for transport of secretory vesicles?rough ER >>> transfer vesicles >>> cis Golgi reticulum >>> medial GR >>> trans GR >>> scretory vesicle >>> exocytosis. You must know these steps well as well as what typically is transported invesicles.What does exocrine signaling mean?Secrete their essential product by way of a duct to some environment external to itself either inside the body or on a surface of the body. Must know what exocrine, endocrine, paracrine, intracellular inter tissue, pheromones etc. mean. Know all definitions in this as well as other chapters.Lecture 15 (October 16)What is the target of oxytocin and what does it do?Mammary gland; milk ejection contract of pregnant uterus may also be cause of cramps also know all the hormones their targets and effects and that oxytocin can cause cramps.Lecture 16 (October 21)List the steps of the contraction of the sarcomeres.1. Arrival and transfer of AP (chemical synapse). 2. Spread of AP along sarcolemma and t-tubules.3. Opening of Ca++ channels in SR (via ryanodine receptors)*.4. Release of Ca++ from SR.5. Binding of Ca++ to troponin (4 to T-C).6. Conformational change of troponin. Conformational change in tropomyosin.7. Uncovering of binding site on actin.8. Binding of myosin head to actin......................CROSS-BRIDGE FORMATION9. Force generation - elastic relaxation of myosin head.10. Binding of ATP to myosin and head detachment,11. ATP hydrolysis causes myosin head to be "energized".Make sure you know all of these well because he may ask you to write down all the steps on thetest. Also know steps for other processes in the muscle and that contraction of sarcomeres was thought to have occurred via the IP3 pathway some years approximately 6 years ago. Lecture 17 (October 23)Skeletal muscle fibers generally contract ________ this means max tension can be achieved in response to a burst of frequency AP.Tetanically; must know how this occurs as well. Have fun! If you have a good grasp of these concepts may be ready for test I also advise going over practice exams and really understanding the