BIOL 3800 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Current Lecture I. ClassificationA. DefinitionsII. Levels of OperationA. IntracellularB. IntercellularC. Intra-tissueD. Inter-tissueE. InterorganismalIII. Packaging and Transport of Secreted MaterialA. VesiclesIV. Glandular SecretionsA. Glandular Secretions and Their MechanismsB. HormonesV. Chemical ClassificationA. Chemical ClassificationVI. Functional ClassificationA. Different EffectsVII. Hormones and their Respective GlandsA. Glandular ApproachB. Pituitary GlandC. GAFFLPITD. Pars IntermediaE. Posterior PituitaryF. Pituitary SummaryVIII. Closer Look at Your GlandsA. ThyroidB. ParathyroidC. Adrenal GlandsD. Pineal GlandIX. ReviewA. Parts of the PituitaryX. More Glands and What They DoA. Pineal GlandB. ThymusC. KidneyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.D. PancreasE. GonadsXI. MenstruationA. Menstrual CycleXII. Second Messenger CascadesA. Second MessengersCurrent LectureChapter 9: Glands and HormonesI. Classification A. Definitions1. We are talking about glands in terms of classification we have Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Exocrine, and Pheromones. a. Autocrine cell (Fig 9-1) basically stimulates itself. b. Paracrine neighboring cells are affected by some chemicals.c. Endocrine is what we are going to spend most of our time on; because we are going to look at the different glands that we have and what they produce and what the effects are. It is where glands then dump things into the bloodstream and then they have activation or activate things at a distance. d. Pheromones control behavior (i.e) fish mating behavior (ant pheromones) i. For example the fire ants you stomp your foot and that whole hive erupts and that’s mostly hormonal mostly pheromone response rather than reacting to the noise some of them will react on the outside so human pheromones they are working on it there are some examples. ii. The perfume industry still hasn’t find a perfume that makes you do things that you don’t want to do (in fact that would probably be a lawsuit) so they have to be careful. e. Didn’t go over exocrine in lecture but must know it in the book the definition states that (they are released onto the surface of the body, including the surface and the gut and other internalized structures.II. Levels of Operation A. Intracellular1. Intracellular means occurring within the cell and here these are only the second messengersa. Ca++ that ion is a second messenger because it has so many internal effects and it is kept at a low conc. internally also b. cAMP, c. cGMP,d. IP3 (Inositol triphosphate),e. DG diglyceride; these are all in the book especially underneath legends and/or pictures and .B. Intercellular 1. Intercellular means how you communicate with other cellsa. Neurotransmitters you know about that b. neuromodulators you know about thatc. cAMP not so much in mammals but maybe slime molds release cAMP and then congregate. C. Intra-tissue 1. Intra-tissue we are talking about occurring within tissuesa. You have to be careful with prostaglandins they are still very confusing things going on and industry is very much looking at these things. D. Inter-tissue 1. Inter-tissue we are talking about between associated tissues a. Glandular hormones most of the time we spend will be on these. E. Interorganismal 1. Between you and other organismsa. Pheromones chemical control and it’s not just with simple animalsi. For example: If you have a little kitten that finally gets into puberty and sings Italian opera outside and the little kitty climbs up the curtain and you’re wondering what is going on don’t you have any self-control this istotally hormonal behavior that is being triggered. So that can help give you an understanding of what those urges are.III. Packaging and Transport of Secreted MaterialA. Vesicles1. Then the next thing are we can take rather lightly that in some cases if there is an endothelial cell around the blood vessel then we have transcytotic delivery (can read more on this pg.306). Means between from one membrane to the other and you have be picked up by receptors and kicked out on the other side so the blood brain barrier works that way. - Rough ERtransfer vesicles cis Golgi reticulum  medial GR  trans GR secretory vesicles exocytosis2. The other thing that you should look at is that in most cases when things are produced in the (Endoplasmic Reticulum)ER then it goes to the cis Golgi reticulum, cis means closer to the nucleus and then to the medial Golgi, then trans Golgi and everything is packed up in vesicles if its water soluble and transported by microtubules. 3. Microtubules really do provide the rails and the energy for movement of vesicles they have motors situated on the microtubule and we don’t get into those processesbut maybe we should at least know that it’s going on and that people are looking very closely right now at different levels of the Golgi apparatus 4. The Golgi apparatus is fascinating and by no means totally understood the cis region,the medial region, and the trans region and a lot of modifications of molecules occurs there. a. First of all the genes have to produce proteins and then there are a lot of what iscalled posttranslational modifications where methyl groups are stuck on who knows what else and that happens in the Golgi apparatus b. We think Oh my we should really know a lot why can’t we kill the Ebola virus; because it’s not that simple we don’t know that much compared to what still needs to be known, but we have made in the last 50 years enormous amount of progress, the progress has really been substantial and it will help you live a little longer and better we hope. IV. Glandular secretionsA. Glandular Secretions and their Mechanisms 1. We have here a neuron synapsing on another neuron. This should be old stuff for us at this point remember exocytosis receptors on the other side and some action.2. What comes as a surprise is that the same exocytosis mechanism (mechanism hasn’t changed) works on gland cells that synapse on capillaries release their contents the capillaries pick it up and transport it throughout the body. So there are such things as exocytosis onto capillaries and 3. The last picture is the endocrine system where we have the cells just situated next tocapillaries same sort of thing if you are water soluble you