BIOL 3800 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture I. Molecules, Energy and BiosynthesisA. HypothesisII. The CellA. CytoskeletonB. LysosomesC. Necrosis/ApoptosisIII. Atoms, Bonds, and MoleculesA. The Ideal SolventB. Bond StrengthsIV. Solutions and Colligative PropertiesA. Colligative PropertiesB. Molality/MolarityCurrent LectureChapter 3 Part I I. Molecules, Energy and BiosynthesisA. Hypothesis1. A Hypothesis is an educated guess made about something that can be tested through science. 2. As we said in Chapter 1, the brain is emotional and inaccurate so in order to correct this, the excitement of your initial hypothesis has to be followed by the scientific method.a. This helps us remain honest, and give us more accurate information.3. Science must have evidence to back it up.4. For example Vitalism Theory was destroyed after it was tested and proven to be false. a. The Theory of Vitalism states that living things are the only things capable of producing organic substances. Friedrich Wohler proved the theory wrong in 1828. b. Don’t need to memorize exact dates but need to know around what time things happened be reasonably close. Friedric made urea (NH2-CO-NH2) from inorganic compounds. (Mineral sources)II. The CellA. CytoskeletonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Cytoskeleton is made up of 3 major structuresa. microtubulesi. Microtubules are made from tubulin proteins and you need to know that their cross section diameter is about 250 Angtroms (Å)b. Intermediate filamentsi. Made out of three proteins and cross section diameter is approximately 120Åc. Microfilamentsi. Made up of actin proteins and cross section diameter is approximately 70Å2. There are also other components attached to cytoskeleton3. So Largest to smallest microtubules>intermediate filaments>microfilaments4. In order to visualize Angstroms think 1 µm= 10,000Åa. You must know how to convert between centimeter, meter, millimeter etc in metric system. B. Lysosomes 1. Lysosomes are not directly linked to necrotic cell death but Ca++ deregulation isC. Necrosis/Apoptosis1. In Necrosis it is premature cell death that usually leads to inflammation and is usually not beneficial2. Apoptosis is genetically controlled cell death it is different from necrosis. It is usually beneficial and can prevent cancer. a. You must know the process it starts with nuclear condensation  cell shrinkschromosmal fragmentation cytomplasmic blebbing (protrusion or bulge of plasma membrane) and end result is cell dies but there is no inflammation of the tissue surrounding the cell.III. Atoms, Bonds, and MoleculesA. The Ideal Solvent1. Water is the ideal solvent2. Water molecules are held together by polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds are relatively weak bonds formed between water molecules and each other. Despite their relatively weak force they increase the total energy required to break molecules from the rest of the population and this is why water has such a high boiling point.3. Many of waters properties make it suitable as a universal solvent. The solvent characteristics of water are seen especially when electrolytes ionize or dissociate in water increasing the conductivity of the solution as a whole. 4. Water can dissolve most ionic and polar substances because the dipolar water molecule can come in between ion such as Na+Cl- and is stronger than the electrostatic interaction that Na+Cl- have with each other. 5. Smaller ions bind water more strongly and thereby can carry a greater amount of water molecules with6. As distance increases electrostatic force decreases is reason for thisB. Bond Strengths1. Need to know relative bond strengths.a. Covalent bonds are between 50-130 kcal/molb. Electrostatic ionic bonds 3-9kcal/molc. Hydrogen bonds 2-5kcal/mold. Van der Waals bonds 0.5-2kcal/mole. London Dispersion is the weakest forceIV. Solutions and Colligative PropertiesA. Colligative properties 1. The colligative properties of a solution depend on total number of solute particles in a given volume and how they change the osmotic pressure, depression, freezing point, and elevation of boiling point and depression of water vapor pressureB. Molality/Molarity1. Molality = Moles/1000g2. Molarity = Moles/Litera. If you mix above up easily think liter ends in R and R is in the word Molarity could