BIOL 3800 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Current Lecture I. Outline of Material for Exam 2 A. What We Have Covered II. Things to Remember from Previous ChaptersA. Understanding (Figure 8.7)B. Sympathetic and ParasympatheticIII. Introduction to Muscles and Animal MovementA. IntroductionIV. ClassificationA. Striated and Smooth MuscleV. TerminologyA. TerminologyB. Analysis of the Striated MuscleC. T-tubulesVI. Major ProteinsA. What Are the Major Proteins?VII. Contraction of SarcomeresA. Contraction of SarcomeresB. Steps of ContractionVIII. Rigor MortisA. How it WorksIX. Mechanics of Muscle ContractionA. Isotonic and IsometricX. Regulation of Muscle ContractionA. Excitation ContractionB. Fast and Slow TwitchC. Tetanic ContractionXI. Neuronal Control of Muscle ContractionA. Motor UnitCurrent LectureChapter 10: Muscles and MovementI. Outline of Material for Exam 2A. What We Have Covered1. So far we have covered: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Chapter 7: Visionb. Chapter 8: Brainc. Chapter 9: Hormones d. And we will begin Chapter 10: Muscles todayII. Things to Remember From Previous ChaptersA. Understanding (Figure 8.7)1. Don’t memorize. Just understand. Have to have general idea that spinal cord comes out of the brain.2. This picture on the right is here to show you that you:a. Have obviously a brainb. We have 8 cervical segments that come out of the spinal cord,c. 4 thoracic, d. 5 sacral,e. 5 lumbar,f. and one coccygeal. 3. They are symmetric so we have 31 outflows on each side. 4. The cranial nerves are not included in this picture anyway. 5. Splanchnic nerve don’t have to worry about it now but will be mentioned down the roadwhen we get to respiratory because it goes to your diaphragm. 6. In terms of dermatomes you need to know what a dermatome is. A region of skin that is associated with a particular spinal outflow those are fairly consistent with male and female. It is the picture to the right.7. The Superior Colliculus when you look at it in your own brain there are 4 protuberances 4 little balls that kind of stick out of the rest of the brains stema. The top protuberances two left and right have to do with visual reflexes b. The bottom two have to do with auditory pathways conscious auditory pathways. 8. The sympathetic chain ganglion is also symmetrical isn’t shown well in picture. Fig.8 8-759. In the periphery when you have bunches of cells that have similar functions they are called ganglia 10. In the same sort of concept when you have bunches of cells with similar functions in the central nervous system they are called nuclei. a. So that’s just terminology these are ganglia because they are in the peripheral nervous system 11. We don’t talk about the tracts coming from the brain and there are some. We just say remember that you have two cells between the spinal cord and the periphery B. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic System1. The sympathetic system which will increase your heart rate; because that’s what you would’ve used to fight or run away, can go through the chain ganglion and then synapse in a collateral ganglion which is somewhere along the way 2. The parasympathetic nervous system is much easier. You have the first synapse is somewhere and the second synapse is somewhere on the smooth muscle or in the gland3. With the parasympathetic nervous system that second piece of axon is pretty short the ganglia are actually on the target organ.4. So here’s our parasympathetic nervous system which is totally cholinergic. But the first synapse is nicotinic cholinergic, and the first synapse in the sympathetic nervous system is also nicotinic cholinergic. 5. The second synapse in the parasympathetic system is cholinergic muscarinic so that usesG proteins. And the reason why we are going through this is to know that some of the really bad poisons like nerve gas affect this as well as your neuromuscular. So it is good to look at this at this level. 6. In the sympathetic nervous system which is also known as the thoracic lumbar outflow what you have is the first synapse which is cholinergic muscarinic; second synapse is adrenergic meaning adrenaline or epinephrine those two terms mean the same thing.III. Introduction to Muscles and Animal MovementA. Introduction1. These are a list of excitable tissues meaning they make action potentialsa. glands, b. muscles, c. nervesd. and they all have membrane potentialsi. Well, all cells have membrane potentials, but they can do something with membrane potentials meaning action potentials. (They have those special voltage-gated proteins.)IV. Classification of MusclesA. Striated and Smooth Muscle1. The skeletal and cardiac muscles, when you look at them with a microscope are striated, but it has to do with a certain arrangement of the myosin and actin; however, there is quite a bit of difference between these two and the way they act and the way they are hooked up and so on.2. As we will see the cardiac muscles are exclusively served by electrical synapse or triggered by electrical synapses. 3. We have two separate categories of striated muscles. a. Skeletali. The skeletal striated muscle is subdivided into red and white even though that’s fairly simple but red muscles as you know are power muscles, contain myoglobin, and are not easily fatiguedii. The red muscles however happen to be relatively slow those are our anti-gravity work muscles iii. The white muscles less myoglobin fast and easily fatigued. - Your vocal cords are served by white muscles for example b. Cardiac4. The striated muscle cells are huge cells and we say can be many centimeters in length and have diameter of 5-100 micrometers. 5. So these are big cells and for that reason they are multinucleated meaning that they are served by many nuclei. i. Don’t ask how that’s all controlled, but it works! So they are large muscles.6. Smooth muscles are more primitive they don’t’ have that special organization of actin and myosin so you don’t see the striations. V. Terminology A. Striated Muscle Terminology1. A muscle: is the organ surrounded by epimysium which is very tough connective tissue 2. Fascicles: are inside the muscle and these are groups of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysiumi. Think. Epimysium on the outside perimysium on the inside of the organ but surrounding fascicles ii. Therefore, need to realize that