BIOL 3800 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (August 26)Question 1In Anatomy and Physiology, Anatomy relates to _______ and Physiology relates to __________.Answer:Structure and functionQuestion 2Physiology is closely related to what practice?Answer:Physiology is the cornerstone Medical Practice, in fact medicine is so closely related that the Nobel Prize for medicine is called “Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine” So don’t think about one easily without its relationship to the other.Question 3Would you describe Evolution as perfect?Answer:Evolution just has to work it is not perfect. When you think of evolution think it is sloppy because oftentimes poor mechanisms are carried along.Question 4Why is the hypothesis followed by the scientific method necessary?Answer:Because the human brain is bias so you need to test the hypothesis oftentimes information that comes from sources is still considered bias such as news media because they often present work or experimentsdone in one lab as “definitive”Question 598% of the body weight consists of what elementsAnswer:Hydrogen>Oxygen>CarbonQuestion 6Positive feedback does not have to be controlled?Answer:Positive feedback is usually only temporary and it has to be controlled by a mechanism called negative feedback. Negative feedback is the mechanism that contributes most to maintaining homeostasis in the bodyLecture 2 (August 28)Question 1Who synthesized urea from inorganic compounds and around what time did he do this?Answer:Friedrich Wohler and in 1828 need to know at least late 1820’s.Question 2What theory did Friedrich Wohler debunk?Answer:The Theory of Vitalism which states that organic substances can be produced only by living organismsQuestion 3What is the molecular formula for urea?Answer:NH2-CO-NH2Question 4What are the three major structures of the cytoskeleton?Answer:Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilamentsQuestion 5Microtubules are made of what type of proteins?Answer:TubulinsQuestion 6Intermediate filaments are made of how many proteins?Answer:Three proteinsQuestion 7Microfilaments are made of what proteins?Answer:ActinQuestion 8 How big are microtubules in diameter?Answer:Approximately 250Å. You need to know around how big in diameter the other cytoskeletal structures are. Intermediate filaments are 120Å and microfilaments are 70Å. Pay attention also to units Dr Gross may trick you and say Microtubules have an approximate diameter a 250µm which would ofcourse be false. Question 9What are Electrolytes and give an example of one?Answer:Any substance that ionizes in water such as NaCl water will separate the molecule into Na+ and Cl-. Must know your basic chemistry definitions (i.e) isotopes, atoms, molecules, etc.Question 10Atomic weight is measured in what units?Answer: DaltonsQuestion 11What is the atomic weight of CO?Answer:About 28 you calculate this by multiplying the # of atoms x atomic weight and add that to the # of atomsx weight of that molecule soC = 1(number of atoms) x 12(atomic weight) 12O= 1(number of atoms) x 16(atomic weight) + 16 28 daltonsQuestion 122 mm = how many ÅAnswer:2x107 ÅWhen we do these problems you can start with what you know we know 1 micrometer =10000Å and 1 mm =1 x10-3 m so we can set up and equation starting first with the unit we are trying to find. So we startwith Å. Know how to convert and again be careful for units = 20,000,000Å or 2X107ÅQuestion 13Can certain lipids interact with water?Answer:Phospholipids can because they are amphipathic which are molecules that have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions like phospholipids which are important to the assembly of cell membranes. Question 14:Are hydrogen bonds stronger than Vander Waals bonds?Answer:Yes they are in order of strongest to weakestCovalent>electrostatic (ionic bonds)> Hydrogen bonds>Vander Waals bonds> London DispersionQuestion 14Activity coefficients are related to the ________ of an electrolyte?Answer:Concentration of an electrolyte you need to know that the lower the concentration of an electrolyte the higher the activity coefficient and vice versa. So those electrolytes that dissociate to a large extent have large activity coefficient and are called strong electrolytes. If they dissociate only slightly then they are called weak electrolytesLecture 3 (September 2)Question 1Is a membrane necessary for diffusion to occur?No a membrane is not necessary but there is usually oneQuestion 2Diffusion does not destroy concentration gradients. True or falseDiffusion destroys concentration gradientsQuestion 3Know what osmosis is.The movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentrationQuestion 4 Singer and Nicholson came up with what in 1972?Answer:The fluid mosaic modelNeed to know that Danielli came up with lipid bilayer with protein coat in 1948 and Gorter and Grendel with simple lipid bilayer in 1925.Lecture 5 (September 9)Question 1What is another name for protein complexes that occur at cell-cell junctions in epithelial and endothelialtissues?Answer:Zonula adherins also known as intermediate junctionsNeed to know tight junctions are a cell-cell adhesion more of a diffusion barrier adhesion molecules are called zonula occludents and gap junctions are for cell-cell communication Question 2:These ports facilitate diffusion of specific single solute molecule down concentration gradientAnswer:UniportsNeed to know definition of channels, uniports, co-transport, symports and antiports, and active transportQuestion 3Is there such thing as “active transport” or water? Answer:No, water transported by osmosis onlyQuestion 4How many types of cadherins?Answer:80 types of cadherinsLecture 6 (September 11)What are the 4 morphological types of nerve cells?Answer:Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar no axónQuestion 2The soma of the nerve cell is the…Answer:Cell body, need to know definitions of dendrites, axon hillock, nerve, collaterals, telodendrons, terminal arborization, synapse, axon terminals boutonsQuestion 3Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons where?Answer:Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS, Schwann cells myelinate axons in PNS, need to know whatastorocytes and microglia do as well as the fact that they are glia cellsQuestion 4 Hodgkin and Huxley are known for what?Defined the action potential conduction velocities in nerves.Lecture 7 (September 16)Question 1What are the units for