Amazonia Through Time Andean Uplift Climate Change Landscape Evolution and Biodiversity C Hoorn et al Science 330 927 2010 DOI 10 1126 science 1194585 This copy is for your personal non commercial use only If you wish to distribute this article to others you can order high quality copies for your colleagues clients or customers by clicking here The following resources related to this article are available online at www sciencemag org this infomation is current as of September 16 2011 Updated information and services including high resolution figures can be found in the online version of this article at http www sciencemag org content 330 6006 927 full html Supporting Online Material can be found at http www sciencemag org content suppl 2010 11 10 330 6006 927 DC1 html A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at http www sciencemag org content 330 6006 927 full html related This article cites 57 articles 17 of which can be accessed free http www sciencemag org content 330 6006 927 full html ref list 1 This article has been cited by 6 articles hosted by HighWire Press see http www sciencemag org content 330 6006 927 full html related urls This article appears in the following subject collections Evolution http www sciencemag org cgi collection evolution Science print ISSN 0036 8075 online ISSN 1095 9203 is published weekly except the last week in December by the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1200 New York Avenue NW Washington DC 20005 Copyright 2010 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science all rights reserved The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS Downloaded from www sciencemag org on September 16 2011 Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here REVIEW C Hoorn 1 F P Wesselingh 2 H ter Steege 3 M A Bermudez 4 A Mora 5 J Sevink 1 I Sanmart n 6 A Sanchez Meseguer 6 C L Anderson 6 J P Figueiredo 7 C Jaramillo 8 D Riff 9 F R Negri 10 H Hooghiemstra 1 J Lundberg 11 T Stadler 12 T S rkinen 13 A Antonelli14 The Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape by reconfiguring drainage patterns and creating a vast influx of sediments into the basin On this Andean substrate a region wide edaphic mosaic developed that became extremely rich in species particularly in Western Amazonia We show that Andean uplift was crucial for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems and that current biodiversity patterns are rooted deep in the pre Quaternary leistocene forest remnants refugia were long held to be responsible for Amazonian diversity 1 In the 1990s the centers of diversity postulated as prime evidence for the refuge theory were shown to be sampling artifacts 2 Over time the theory was abandoned and an older origin for the Amazonian diversity was proposed 3 Perhaps more important regional diversification events as inferred from the fossil record and molecular phylogenetic studies P 1 Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics IBED University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam Netherlands 2Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis P O Box 9517 2300 RA Leiden Netherlands 3Institute of Environmental Biology Department of Biology Faculty of Science Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht Netherlands 4Laboratorios de Termocronolog a y Geomatem ticas Escuela de Geolog a Minas y Geof sica Facultad de Ingenier a Universidad Central de Venezuela Postal Code 1053 Caracas Venezuela 5ECOPETROL Instituto Colombiano del Petroleo Piedecuesta Santander Colombia 6Real Jardin Botanico CSIC Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain 7Petroleo Brasileiro SA Petrobras Av Republica do Chile 330 14o Andar CEP 20 031 170 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 8Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843 03092 Balboa Republic of Panama 9Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberl ndia Campus Umuarama Bloco 2D sala 28 Rua Cear s n Bairro Umuarama Uberl ndia CEP 38400 902 Minas Gerais Brazil 10Laborat rio de Paleontologia Campus Floresta Universidade Federal do Acre Estrada do Canela Fina Km 12 Cruzeiro do Sul Acre CEP 69980000 AC Brazil 11Department of Ichthyology Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia PA 19103 USA 12Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Z rich Universit tsstrasse 16 8092 Z rich Switzerland 13Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK 14Institute of Systematic Botany University of Z rich Zollikerstrasse 107 CH 8008 Z rich Switzerland To whom correspondence should be addressed E mail carina hoorn milne cc C H alexandre antonelli vgregion se A A Present address Gothenburg Botanical Garden Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A 413 19 G teborg Sweden and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B 413 19 G teborg Sweden mostly predate the Pleistocene 4 5 Although the mechanisms of diversification remain elusive and speciation may occur with barriers 6 and even without clear barriers 7 it is now generally acknowledged that the development of Amazonian biota has been a long and complex process 3 8 At the global scale the Neogene the 20 million years that preceded the Pleistocene was a defining period during which much of the present geography and biotic composition was formed 9 The process of species diversification is strongly linked to tectonism and climate both in the terrestrial 10 11 and marine realms 12 The dynamic geologic history of South America should thus be very relevant for understanding the origins of the present diversity Recent advances in the fields of Andean and Amazonian geology and phylogenetics have proceeded in parallel The geosciences community provided new data on mountain building in the Andes and on the timing and types of biotic and paleoenvironmental changes in lowland Amazonia Climatologists modeled the atmospheric patterns that resulted from the formation of the Andean orographic barrier At the same time new molecular analyses based on DNA sequence variation of living
View Full Document
Unlocking...