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UW-Madison BOTANY 940 - Capsicum Phylogeny and Domestication

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Capsicum Phylogeny and DomesticationSlide 2Slide 3One of the most diversely utilized plantsDomesticationSlide 6Domesticated Characters in CapsicumSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Current phylogenetic questionsSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Capsicum monophylyMascone’s missing treeSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35However, Mascone claims his data supports his hypothesisSlide 37Slide 38X=13 speciesSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73CapsicumPhylogeny and DomesticationBrian WalshFamily: SolanaceaeSubfamily: SolanoideaeTribe: Capsicinae (since 1999)•Estimated 25 species (my count =37)•Native to South and Central America•Current distribution is global•One of the most utilized spice in the world•Part of human diet for 9000 years•All diploid•Typically self-fertilize•Most n=12 (some n=13)One of the most diversely utilized plants•Spice•Food•Dye•Medicine•Weapons•Poison•Drinks•Deterrent•Insecticide/Pesticide•Preservative•Snuff•Rituals•Tribute•Town Names•PunishmentDomestication•Davenport (1970) proposes all five domesticated species arose from a single ancestor (C. frutescens L.) (Lumper) (based on morphology)•Heiser (1971) proposes each domesticated species arose from its own unique wild ancestor (Splitter) (hybridization studies)Pickersgill (1972) agrees with Heiser - different cultivated species show a combination of characters suggesting domestication by different groups of people living in different areas.•Eshbaugh (1983) argues at least three distinct domesticated lineages based on morphology, plant breeding and enzyme analysis (C. chacoense is plesiomorphic)View from 1000000 km above 5°18’S 63°55’WAgricultural Centers of the New World and the theoretical flow of speciationBased on C. chacoenseDomesticated Characters in Capsicum•Gigantism of fruit•Altered fruit shape•Fruit color other than red•Retained on peduncle a maturity•Variable capsaicin levels•small fruit•Fruit round•Red fruit•Peduncle dehiscence at maturity•High capsaicin levelsDomesticatedWildCapsicum annuumCapsicum annuum complexC. annuum var. annuumC. annuum var. avicularC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoenseCapsicum baccatum groupC. baccatum var. praetermissumC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumCapsicum eximium complexC. pubescensC. eximiumC. cardenasiiwhite flowerswhite flowers with yellow spotspurple flowersTotal species=8Eshbaugh’s breakdown into flower color categories (why?)Tabasco C. frutescensC. baccatum var. praetermissumCapsicum eximiumCapsicum eximium C. baccatum var. praetermissumCapsicum cardenasii Only species that strictly outcrossesFlower color classification of Capsicum•Color categories inaccurate (too many exceptions)•Only a fraction of total species included•Doesn’t agree with molecular dataCurrent phylogenetic questions•Monophyly of genus•Resolving species relationshipsCapsicum Monophyletic?Modified from Bohs & Olmstead 1997A B CA A CA B C=MonophyleticA A C=Not MonophyleticWalsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)Walsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)n=12/13Walsh 2001combined atpB-rbcL spacer and waxy dataWalsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)Capsicum monophyly•Intact for the time being•Odd C. ciliatum seems to be the weak link(n=13)Mascone’s missing treeMascone 2003Flow cytometry and Feulgen densitometry1C-value of DNA = an equation for calculating genome size in absolute unitsGenome size in MbpCapsicum anuum complexC. annuum var. annuumC. annuum var. avicularC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoensewhite flowersUnited by similar DNA amount and little heterochromatinVisualization of Mascone’s resultsC. annuum var. annuumC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoense1C G3.35 32733.38 33123.40 33323.42 3352Capsicum baccatum groupC. baccatum var. praetermissumC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumwhite flowers with yellow spotsSimilar DNA amounts – not surprisingC. baccatum var. umbilicatumNew variety described in 1998Domesticated status unknownC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumC. baccatum var. umbilicatumInterpreted from data – not explicitly statedC. annuum var. annuumC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoense1C G3.35 32733.38 33123.40 33323.42 33523.69 36213.71 36363.76 3636Capsicum eximium complexC. pubescensC. eximiumC. cardenasiipurple flowersC. eximium has DNA content intermediate between C. baccatum and C. pubescens, but genome size supports close relationship to C. pubescens as well as isozyme and cross studiesC. parvifolium synonym with C. cardenasii? (but description is off – tree?)C. parvifolium only compared to C. campylopodiumC. campylopodium groups with C. pubescens – large genome size, and large amounts of heterochromatin forming complex patterns (tone implies trepidation)points out distantly related and nothing moreC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumC. baccatum var. umbilicatumC. pubescensC. eximiumC. parvifolium/cardenasiiC. campylopodium??C. annuum var. annuumC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoense1C G3.35 32733.38 33123.40 33323.42 33523.69 36213.71 36363.76 36364.06 39794.47 43815.14 50325.77 5655However, Mascone claims his data supports his hypothesis•Increase in DNA amount is evolutionary advancement•C. chacoense most plesiomorphic (ancestral)•C. campylopodium most advanced•n=13 in more recently evolvedC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumC. baccatum var. umbilicatumC. pubescensC. eximiumC. parvifolium/cardenasiiC. campylopodium?Mascone tree rootedLeast DNAMost DNAx=13C. annuum var. annuumC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoenseC. baccatum var. pendulumC. baccatum var. baccatumC. baccatum var. umbilicatumC. pubescensC. eximiumC. parvifolium/cardenasiiC. campylopodium?MasconeLeast DNAMost DNAx=13C. annuum var. annuumC. frutescensC. chinenseC. chacoense?ancestralmolecularX=13 species•C. ciliatum•C. buforum•C. campylopodium•C. cornutum•C. schottianum•C. villosum•C. pereirae *•C. friburguense *•3 unnamed CapsicumCapsicum flexuosumn = 13n = 12•Capsicum needs more research•Appears to be an x=12/x=13 split in distant past•research


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UW-Madison BOTANY 940 - Capsicum Phylogeny and Domestication

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