BreadfruitOutlineArtocarpus altilusBreadfruit BiologyDistributionDiversityRanges of Close RelativesMethods of DeterminationAFLP DataPowerPoint PresentationAFLP (cont.)MDH isozyme phenotypes & AFLP markersWhat trends are seen in the data?Analysis of Molecular Variance Based on AFLPPattern and Process and Man’s MigrationsMelanesia and PolynesiaSlide 17MicronesiaSlide 19What about the rest of the World?Travels of the HMS BountySlide 22Captain BlighThank YouBreadfruitBreadfruitA Tale of Two Domesticates?A Tale of Two Domesticates?OutlineOutlineArtocarpus altilusArtocarpus altilusBiology and DistributionBiology and DistributionThe Relatives The Relatives Methods of DeterminationMethods of DeterminationOrigins…Origins…Artocarpus altilusArtocarpus altilusMoraceaeMoraceaeTree CropTree CropVariety of usesVariety of usesGrown for infructescence Grown for infructescence rather than vegetative rather than vegetative storage structuresstorage structuresStaple of OceaniaStaple of Oceania2 “generalized” cultivars2 “generalized” cultivarsSeedlessSeedlessFew-->Many SeededFew-->Many SeededHigh productivityHigh productivitySeasonalSeasonalMmm…just like potatoesMmm…just like potatoesA. altilus (Ken Sytsma)Breadfruit BiologyBreadfruit BiologyQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT410/Angiosperm/FlowersFruitsSeedsLabCombo.htmMonoeciousPollen quantity variesParthenocarpic fruit development in seedlessPollination mechanism unknownDistributionDistributionQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/WF1.WORLD.JPGhttp://geo.cbs.umn.edu/~nyree/breadfruit_page.htmlDiversityDiversityFruiting SeasonFruiting SeasonFruit ShapeFruit ShapeFruit Color & TextureFruit Color & TextureInfructescence surfacesInfructescence surfacesFlavorFlavorSections Sections LeavesLeavesSeedsSeedsSEMs of trichomesSEMs of trichomesInfertility Infertility 2n=3x=˜84; 2n=2x=562n=3x=˜84; 2n=2x=56QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Ranges of Close RelativesRanges of Close RelativesA. mariannensisA. camansiFig 2. Zerega et al. (2005)Methods of DeterminationMethods of DeterminationMorphology, ITS and Morphology, ITS and trnL-FtrnL-F region regionAFLPsAFLPsIsozymesIsozymesFig 10.2AFLP DataAFLP DataFig. 10.4Fig. 3 Zerega et al. (2005)NJ TreeFig. 4AFLP (cont.)AFLP (cont.)Fig. 10.5Fig. 3 Zerega et al. (2004)MDH isozyme phenotypes & MDH isozyme phenotypes & AFLP markersAFLP markersFig. 10.3What trends are seen in the What trends are seen in the data?data?Melansian and Polynesian breadfruit Melansian and Polynesian breadfruit cultivars are more closely related to cultivars are more closely related to A. A. camaricamariMicronesian cultivars are closely related to Micronesian cultivars are closely related to Polynesian and Melanesian Polynesian and Melanesian A. camansiA. camansi--derived breadfruit and to derived breadfruit and to A. mariannensisA. mariannensisMicronesia has the greatest genetic Micronesia has the greatest genetic diversity; however, Polynesia cultivars are diversity; however, Polynesia cultivars are most genetically differentiatedmost genetically differentiatedDependent on mode of reproduction and Dependent on mode of reproduction and human selectionhuman selectionAnalysis of Molecular Variance Analysis of Molecular Variance Based on AFLPBased on AFLPIndividual Islands Serve as Repositories for Genetic DiversityPattern and Process Pattern and Process and Man’s Migrationsand Man’s MigrationsMelanesia and PolynesiaMelanesia and PolynesiaAssumption: Assumption: High genetic variability=Region of OriginHigh genetic variability=Region of OriginColonization during Pleistocene (40,000 Colonization during Pleistocene (40,000 yrs ago), dispersal of yrs ago), dispersal of A. camansiA. camansi to “near” to “near” Oceania, and human selectionOceania, and human selectionLapita cultural complex shifted to Lapita cultural complex shifted to vegetative propagation for longer voyages vegetative propagation for longer voyages (4,000 yrs ago)(4,000 yrs ago)From Fig 1. Zerega et al (2004)MicronesiaMicronesiaTriploid A. camansi-derived “E Polyn”Triploid A. camansi-derived “E Polyn”Hybrid cultivarsHybrid cultivarsFertile and sterile diploids and sterile triploidsFertile and sterile diploids and sterile triploidsHuman involvement a must as ranges of Human involvement a must as ranges of A. camansiA. camansi and and A. mariannensisA. mariannensis do not do not overlapoverlapSettled from multiple directions many Settled from multiple directions many times…times…From Fig 1. Zerega et al (2004)What about the rest of the What about the rest of the World?World?QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Travels of the Travels of the HMS BountyHMS BountyQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.XQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Travels of the Travels of the HMS BountyHMS BountyQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Captain BlighCaptain BlighTransport Breadfruit to the Caribbean from Transport Breadfruit to the Caribbean from Tahiti on the Tahiti on the HMS BountyHMS BountyThe “No Paradise” ruleThe “No Paradise” ruleMutinyMutinyNavigated 3600 nautical miles using a Navigated 3600 nautical miles using a sextant and a pocket watchsextant and a pocket watchPitcairn IslandPitcairn IslandReturned and took 347 breadfruit plants to Returned and took 347 breadfruit plants to St. Vincent and Jamaica on February 5th, St. Vincent and Jamaica on February 5th, 17931793QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Thank YouThank YouQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this
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