G-18b: Foreign PolicyForeign Policy (FP) Under George W. BushThe Bush Doctrine & UnilateralismForeign Policy (FP) Versus Domestic Policy (DP)1. The Constitution and Foreign Policy2. The President’s Inherent Advantages3. Precedent4. Supreme Court Rulings5. Behavior of CongressPost 9/11 Congressional BehaviorKey Terms Review: Cold War Policies & StrategiesWho Makes U.S. Foreign Policy?Concentric Circle of Foreign Policy PowerThe White House & National Security Council (NSC)National Security Council (NSC)NSC advisorForeign Policy BureaucracyDepartment of State (DOS)Department of Defense (DOD)FP Bureaucracy: Competition for PowerIntelligence community (IC) & Key IssuesIntelligence community: Problems & ConcernsCongress & Foreign PolicyCongressional Influence Over Foreign PolicyPublic Opinion & Foreign PolicyImpact of Public Opinion on Foreign PolicyChallenges of the Post–Cold War EraUS Defense Spending (in $$$: 1962-2010)DOD Budget (as % of GDP: 1948-2005)Future Challenges to US Foreign PolicySlide 31Potential Problems in US Foreign Policy for 21st CenturyThe Instrument of US Foreign Policy for 21st CenturySlide 34The Last Assignment (Thursday):Chapter 18: KEY TERMSChapter 18: KEY TERMS (2)Chapter 18: KEY TERMS (3)G-18b: Foreign Policy1Foreign Policy (FP) Under George W. Bush •US followed a Neo-isolationist FP from 2000 until 9/11/2001•Theory: US should take a step back–Avoid always acting as world’s policeman & nation builder•Reality: Campaign rhetoric gave way to the real world once in office–The world still was & remained very dangerous & America was not immune–ON 9/11/2001 that reality hit home hard =>–US Foreign Policy was significantly revised:2Result?The Bush Doctrine & Unilateralism•Out of the ashes of 9/11/2001, a new America Policy & National Security Strategy emerged–Focus: Counter Terrorism & Preemptive Strike •New post 9/11 National Security Policy & Strategy:–Wage “preventative war” before our enemies could strike–Usually conducted by the US unilaterally if necessary– US invasions of Afghanistan & Iraq II are key examples3Foreign Policy (FP) Versus Domestic Policy (DP)•National Interest & its various degrees & levels–Vital vs. Important Interests- (who decides?)•Text: “Two presidencies”–At Home( weak president) vs. Abroad (strong one)- why?•Five Sources of Presidential Foreign Policy power:–1. The ?_________ & president’s enumerated vs. implied powers–2. President’s “inherent” advantages in Foreign Policy–3. Role of ?__________ in presidential dealings in Foreign Policy–4. Supreme Court Rulings regarding presidential FP actions–5. Behavior of Congress when the President takes decisive action•Let’s examines these sources of power in greater detail*41. The Constitution and Foreign Policy •In Article I of our Constitution, the Founding Fathers enumerated Congressional powers to:–Provide for common defense–Regulate commerce–Punish Piracies & Felonies on high seas–Declare War –Raise & support Armies & maintain a Navy–Make rules & regulations for land & naval forces (UCMJ)–Power of the purse => (fund or not fund military deployments)• Article II=> enumerated Presidential powers:–Commander in Chief (title or job description?)–Power to make treaties (subject to Senate’s ratification)–Appoint Ambassadors (Senate also has role- what?)52. The President’s Inherent Advantages •Foreign Policy success depends on (what?):–?__________ (quickly seize the initiative)–?__________ (secrecy)–?__________ (shift priorities as needed & compromise)•So Presidential initiatives depend on the venue used:–Foreign Policy (FP) vs. Domestic Policy (DP)-–Difference between the two WRT presidential freedom of action?–FP: Unless Congress acts to halt president’s actions•(Military Force Deployment) – it stands- versus:–DP: Until Congress agrees to act president’s initiative•(Social Security reform)- nothing happens63. Precedent •President’s aggressive interpretation of FP powers–Any presidential action establishes precedent•If left unchallenged or the challenge is unsuccessful=>•Implied power is successfully established as result–Successors have used prior implied powers as a spring board for further expansion of their current powers•Truman to present=> –Implied power as CINC (Korean War- Text: Box 18-1)–Title confers implied power to order troops into combat–Now accepted as precedent (though grudgingly) –Also depends on the perceived power & popularity (poll numbers) of the president74. Supreme Court Rulings •US v. Curtiss -Wright Export Corporation (1936)–Court Decision: President’s FP powers go beyond Constitution–Impact: expanded implied Presidential powers in Foreign Policy •US v. Belmont (‘37)=> executive agreement (vs. Treaty)–Result: executive agreements trend up- over 90% (See Box 18-2)•Furthermore Court usually refuses to hear challenges on FP–Effect: de facto Court support for presidential FP prerogatives & expansion of Presidential implied powers–Desire to avoid Presidential/Congress political disputes in FP–Also Court believes FP rulings simply beyond their competence 85. Behavior of Congress •Partisan & institutional divisions in Congress=>–Results in their lack of unified action to challenge Presidential FP decisions•Also the belief in strong Presidential leadership in FP–Public & Congress rally round president during crisis•Electoral considerations –(What if President is right? – avoid voters’ displeasure)•Post WWII vs. post Vietnam Congressional behavior•End of Vietnam War & Cold War => –More Congressional activism in Foreign Policy–Tendency to challenge President more on FP initiatives9Post 9/11 Congressional Behavior•9/11/2001=> following America’s initial invasion & occupation of Iraq: –Congress & Public rallied round the President (typical response)–Most deferred to President/CinC on Foreign Policy (FP)•As US occupation became more protracted=> –Iraqi insurgency grew=> terror bombings escalated–US casualties grew & Cost of war escalated•US Public began to lose patience with war–Intelligence & rationale for invasion questioned –President’s popularity declined (32% by Nov 2006)•Congress now becoming more assertive in FP–Growing number now calling for firm Exit Strategy–SECDEF Rumsfeld resigned under