G 18b Foreign Policy 1 Foreign Policy FP Under George W Bush US followed a Neo isolationist FP from 2000 until 9 11 2001 Theory US should take a step back Avoid always acting as world s policeman nation builder Reality Campaign rhetoric gave way to the real world once in office The world still was remained very dangerous America was not immune ON 9 11 2001 that reality hit home hard US Foreign Policy was significantly revised Result 2 The Bush Doctrine Unilateralism Out of the ashes of 9 11 2001 a new America Policy National Security Strategy emerged Focus Counter Terrorism Preemptive Strike New post 9 11 National Security Policy Strategy Wage preventative war before our enemies could strike Usually conducted by the US unilaterally if necessary US invasions of Afghanistan Iraq II are key examples 3 Foreign Policy FP Versus Domestic Policy DP National Interest its various degrees levels Vital vs Important Interests who decides Text Two presidencies At Home weak president vs Abroad strong one why Five Sources of Presidential Foreign Policy power 1 The president s enumerated vs implied powers 2 President s inherent advantages in Foreign Policy 3 Role of in presidential dealings in Foreign Policy 4 Supreme Court Rulings regarding presidential FP actions 5 Behavior of Congress when the President takes decisive action Let s examines these sources of power in greater detail 4 1 The Constitution and Foreign Policy In Article I of our Constitution the Founding Fathers enumerated Congressional powers to Provide for common defense Regulate commerce Punish Piracies Felonies on high seas Declare War Raise support Armies maintain a Navy Make rules regulations for land naval forces UCMJ Power of the purse fund or not fund military deployments Article II enumerated Presidential powers Commander in Chief title or job description Power to make treaties subject to Senate s ratification Appoint Ambassadors Senate also has role what 5 2 The President s Inherent Advantages Foreign Policy success depends on what quickly seize the initiative secrecy shift priorities as needed compromise So Presidential initiatives depend on the venue used Foreign Policy FP vs Domestic Policy DP Difference between the two WRT presidential freedom of action FP Unless Congress acts to halt president s actions Military Force Deployment it stands versus DP Until Congress agrees to act president s initiative Social Security reform nothing happens 6 3 Precedent President s aggressive interpretation of FP powers Any presidential action establishes precedent If left unchallenged or the challenge is unsuccessful Implied power is successfully established as result Successors have used prior implied powers as a spring board for further expansion of their current powers Truman to present Implied power as CINC Korean War Text Box 18 1 Title confers implied power to order troops into combat Now accepted as precedent though grudgingly Also depends on the perceived power popularity poll numbers of the president 7 4 Supreme Court Rulings US v Curtiss Wright Export Corporation 1936 Court Decision President s FP powers go beyond Constitution Impact expanded implied Presidential powers in Foreign Policy US v Belmont 37 executive agreement vs Treaty Result executive agreements trend up over 90 See Box 18 2 Furthermore Court usually refuses to hear challenges on FP Effect de facto Court support for presidential FP prerogatives expansion of Presidential implied powers Desire to avoid Presidential Congress political disputes in FP Also Court believes FP rulings simply beyond their competence 8 5 Behavior of Congress Partisan institutional divisions in Congress Results in their lack of unified action to challenge Presidential FP decisions Also the belief in strong Presidential leadership in FP Public Congress rally round president during crisis Electoral considerations What if President is right avoid voters displeasure Post WWII vs post Vietnam Congressional behavior End of Vietnam War Cold War More Congressional activism in Foreign Policy Tendency to challenge President more on FP initiatives 9 Post 9 11 Congressional Behavior 9 11 2001 following America s initial invasion occupation of Iraq Congress Public rallied round the President typical response Most deferred to President CinC on Foreign Policy FP As US occupation became more protracted Iraqi insurgency grew terror bombings escalated US casualties grew Cost of war escalated US Public began to lose patience with war Intelligence rationale for invasion questioned President s popularity declined 32 by Nov 2006 Congress now becoming more assertive in FP Growing number now calling for firm Exit Strategy SECDEF Rumsfeld resigned under pressure following elections 10 Key Terms Review Cold War Policies Strategies Know understand in context US policies strategies that shaped US Soviet relations Containment policy strategy Based on Kennan s thesis to contain Soviet expansion Truman Doctrine Articulates basis of US policy of Containment Marshall Plan Economic means strategy to achieve Containment Soviet counterpart NSC 68 Military strategy for Containment NATO Military means for Containment Strategy in Europe against Soviets Soviet counterpart 11 Who Makes U S Foreign Policy President NSC White House Staff Foreign Policy Bureaucracies Congress American Public How much power influence does each have on FP 12 Concentric Circle of Foreign Policy Power Let s examine each more closely 13 The White House National Security Council NSC Role of President Vice President Varies w administration Generally President has called all the shots Recently VP delegated a great deal of power influence in FP National Security Affairs Certainly true of this Administration National Security Council NSC Plays key role in formulating American Foreign Policy 14 National Security Council NSC Created in 1947 Statutory Members include The President Vice President Secretaries of State Defense Director of National Intelligence Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Advisors to statutory members subject to change Other relevant Cabinet Secretaries invited as required The NSC staff is headed up by the National Security Advisor 15 NSC advisor NSC advisor his or her staff s role Advises President on National Security Acts as either an Honest broker or policy advocate Specific role played power enjoyed depends on President s preference NSC advisor s personality Nixon Kissinger Bush II Rice Current NSC Advisor What key components make up