Diodes, Page 1 Diodes V-I Characteristics – signal diode Measure the voltage-current characteristic of a standard signal diode, the 1N914, using the circuit shown below. The purpose of the back-to-back power supplies is to make it easy to make measurements near zero supply voltage. Plot the V-I characteristic on graph paper to show the rapid rise in forward current when the forward voltage approaches 0.7 volts. It should look something like the figure below. Notice that the current in milliamps is given by the voltage across a 1K resistor as measured in volts. Therefore, you can measure V vs. I by connecting a digital voltmeter alternately across the diode and the resistor. Repeat the measurement using the LabView program, I_vs_v using a 1K resistor for the standard. Make a printout of the curve and insert into your lab notebook. It is a good idea to preserve this circuit intact, as it will be used again later in the lab. Temperature dependence Reverse bias the diode with ~-20 V and observe the reverse current (should be about 0.2 µA). Touch a hot soldering iron to the metal lead close to the diode and note the percentage change in reverse current. There is a big effect because the minority carriers that transport the reverse current are thermally generated. Now bias the diode in a forward direction to get a forward current of about 0.2 mA. Repeat the heat treatment and observe the change in current. Figure 2: Diode Circuit. 5V Var. 1k VD + - -18V 0 ID (mA) 0.7V VD Figure 1: Diode V-I Plot.Diodes, Page 2 The Half-Wave Rectifier The basic half-wave rectifier with resistive load looks like the circuit above. The Input and Output waveforms are shown on the right. The half-wave rectifier with filter capacitor and resistive load is shown in Figure 6 with the input and output waveforms in Figure 5. The capacitor is electrolytic. You must obey the polarity markings when you connect this capacitor in the circuit. Use a 9 VRMS 60-Hz transformer secondary as a source. (a) Begin with the capacitor disconnected. Observe the half-wave rectified pattern on the oscilloscope. Verify that the frequency of the pattern is 60 Hz. (b) Add the 10-µF capacitor, getting the polarity right, but remove the load resistor. Observe how the capacitor integrates the rectified power to make a smooth DC source. We might imagine using such a source to power some electronics that need a stable source. (c) Add the resistive load back into the circuit and see how the load causes the output of the power supply to “ripple”. You may need to AC couple the scope and increase the gain to see the ripple well. Verify that the frequency of the ripple is 60 Hz. Use the “measure” utility of the scope to find the phase of the ripple with respect to the phase of the input AC voltage. On what phase of the AC input does the capacitor charge? Figure 5: Input and Output forms. Figure 4: Input (a) and Output (b) waves. V 0 V 0 Figure 3: Half-wave Rectifier. Scope 10k a) b) t a) b) t Figure 6: Rectifier with Capacitor.Diodes, Page 3 The Full-Wave Rectifier The full-wave rectifier, with filter capacitor and resistive load, is shown in Figure 8 with the input and output waveforms in Figure 7. Build the circuit above. Use an 9-VRMS, 60-Hz supply. (a) Begin with the capacitor disconnected. Observe the full-wave rectified pattern on the oscilloscope. Verify that the frequency of the pattern is 120 Hz. [Note: Because the two channels of your oscilloscope have a common ground, it is not possible to view both the input and the output of the rectifier at once.] (b) Add the 10-µF capacitor, getting the polarity right, but remove the load resistor. Observe how the capacitor integrates the rectified power to make a smooth DC source. (c) Add the resistive load back into the circuit and see how the load causes the output of the power supply to “ripple.” Verify that the frequency of the ripple is 120 Hz. (d) Reduce the resistive load by making the resistor 47k instead of 10k. Observe that the ripple decreases. Once again you may need to AC couple and increase the magnification of the ‘scope. Explain the advantage of the full-wave over the half-wave rectifier in making a stable power supply. In fact, neither supply is very good. Both are unregulated. Regulated power supplies will be studied in a later lab. The Zener Diode Use the setup of Part 1 above to measure the V-I characteristic for a Zener diode, the 1N4734, which has a Zener voltage of 5.6 V. (Note: In the forward condition, current flows out of the terminal labeled with the band.) Plot the V-I characteristic using the LabView program and note the dramatic increase in reverse current when the voltage reaches 5.6 volts. A Zener diode, biased at this breakdown condition, is a stable voltage reference because the voltage does not change much even though the current may change. The PIN Diode The PIN diode has intrinsic (not doped) material (I) in the junction between P and N type material. It makes a fast photo diode, wherein minority carriers are generated by Figure 7: Input and Output Shapes Figure 8: Full Wave Rectifier. 10 µF Scope 10k a) b) tDiodes, Page 4 photons. Because the photoeffect depends upon minority carriers, the diode is biased in the reversed condition for normal operation as a light-sensitive device. Use the PN323B pin diode in the circuit below to show a large increase in diode current when a bright lamp is brought close to the diode. What is the effect of elevated temperature on the reverse current? Reverse the diode to attempt to find the effect of light on the diode current in the forward-biased condition. The Seven-Segment Display The Seven-segment display uses 8 light-emitting diodes, including one for the decimal point. The LN516RK is a common cathode device, as shown in Fig11. The anodes are connected as shown in Fig. 10. Use the circuit in Fig. 12 to turn on segments and verify the diagram in Fig. 10. The interrupter The interrupter consists of an LED and a phototransistor separated by a gap (see Figure 13). When the gap is empty the light (infrared) from the LED excites carriers in the phototransistor, which then conducts. When the gap is filled, the light is interrupted and the phototransistor does not conduct much. Figure 9: PIN Diode Circuit. 5V 1K Long Lead Figure
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