MACROMOLECULESIntroductionWe and the other living organisms found in our universe are made up of the basic unit of matter, the atom. Atoms bond with one another forming molecules which come in a variety of shapes and sizes performing a multitude of functions. Molecules are composedof atoms covalently bonded together. Organic molecules contain at least C and H as part of their structure, e.g. CH4, methane. Molecules containing C but no H are called inorganic molecules, e.g. CO2, carbon dioxide. Compounds are structures composed of two or more different elements either covalently or ionically bonded together, e.g. NaCl, table salt. There are four classes of organic macromolecules that have biological significance:- carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides)- proteins (have a huge variety of shapes and functions)- lipids (fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids) - nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)?????? In the above macromolecules, can you determine which ones are covalently bonded and possess both C and H??????? CO is a compound. It can also be termed a(n) _____________________.These biological molecules form the organism, supply energy, or perform its life’s functions. As examples: we note proteins and phospholipids help form cell membranes; fat is an energy storage particle; and RNA functions as a messenger conveying the genetic code from DNA to protein manufacturing sites, ribosomes. We will study and test for the first three today. To test for these molecules, various procedures and chemicals will be used. Usually, you will be looking for a color change which if noted, will give you a positive indication of a substance’s presence; the lack of a color change is a negative indication of its presence.1Additionally you will require a “control” treatment in these experiments. A control treatment is a treatment in which the independent variable is either eliminated or set at a standard value. This treatment permits you to make comparisons with the changes made by your independent variable and draw conclusions. As an example: if a farmer applied various fertilizers to a crop in an effort to determine which one grew the biggest crop, he would also plant a field with no fertilizer applied. He then can make a comparison of a field with no fertilizer against fields with fertilizer. Thus he has established a basis for comparison. In the tests that you will perform today, a control also allows you to see the difference between positive and negative results since a control by definition does not contain the substance (the IV) being tested for. ?????? Iodine in the presence of a starch turns midnight blue. You have been asked to test five foods for the presence of starch. What would you do for a ‘control treatment’?Objectives identify types and structure of carbohydrates understand how large molecules form through dehydration synthesis and break apart by hydrolysis understand the relationship of monomers to polymers and those to proteins and polysaccharides describe tests for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids state the components of lipids and describe how an emulsifier works understand the structure and composition of peptides and proteinsCarbohydratesMost carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a (1-2-1)x ratio. An example is the sugar, glucose, the end product of photosynthesis in plants. It has a chemical formula of (CH2O)6 which is more commonly written C6H12O6. Carbohydrates include sugars and molecules that are chains of sugars. We can classify carbohydrates thusly:- Monosaccharides: called a single or simple sugar because it is composedof one sugar molecule e.g. glucose, fructose, or ribose.2- Disaccharides: called a double sugar because it is composed of two monosaccharides (single sugars) covalently bonded together e.g. glucose bonded to glucose = maltose or glucose bonded to fructose = sucrose (table sugar).- Polysaccharides: are not sugars but are formed by long chains of glucose molecules covalently bonded together into:o Starches: the way a plant stores the glucose it makes via photosynthesiso Glycogen: is the source of immediate energy in animals; stored in the liver or muscleso Cellulose: makes up the walls of plant cells; it is the most commoncarbohydrate on earth; it is indigestible by most animalso Chitin: along with protein, forms the exoskeleton of arthropods e.g. crabs3****Because of their size in relation to polysaccharides, mono and disaccharides are also referred to as small sugars.?????? Can you discern a rule in naming sugars?Starches are the plants way of storing energy required for growth. In perennials, plants that die back during hostile months and return when conditions improve, starch stored in potatoes and root vegetables would be used for periods of renewed growth e.g. winter die; back-spring renewal. Annuals store starch in seeds e.g. beans or corn kernels, to be used in germination efforts. ?????? What was the name of the last food you ate which was primarily starch? Was it from an annual plant??????? Cellulose is indigestible by most animals to include you and me. Is this desirable? Explain your answer.A monomer is defined as a small organic molecule that can covalently bond to another like monomer to form molecules called polymers. Thus we can refer to glucose as a monomer for it can bond to other glucose molecules forming long chains of structurally different polymers e.g. starches (see example above), glycogen, and chitins. Proteins are polymers formed by monomers of amino acids. Nucleic acids e.g. DNA, are polymers formed by monomers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are themselves formed of 3 molecules (a base, a sugar, and a phosphate) bonded together.4?????? What are the characteristics of DNA that make it organic?Monomers are joined together by a process called dehydration synthesis aka condensation: a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bondaccompanied by the removal of an OH ion from one molecule and a hydrogen from the other forming water. The reverse is hydrolysis: the splitting of molecules by the addition of water. Note: virtually all chemical reactions in organisms are “assisted” by enzymes, a protein functioning to speed up chemical reactions.?????? Cellulose is made of monomers of _____________. These monomers were5joined together by a process known as _____________________________. ?????? What bonds