Mendelian Genetics Problems It may help to solve the genetics problems using the following guidelines:1. Assign letters (alleles) to the various traits.2. Determine the phenotype and genotype of each parent and indicate a mating.3. Determine all the possible kinds of gametes each parent can produce.4. Determine all the possible allele combinations that can result when these gametes combine to form the offspring (Punnett square).5. Determine the phenotype of each allele combination (genotype) in the offspring.1) In humans, six fingers is the dominant trait and five fingers is the recessive trait. If one parent is homozygous for the trait and one is heterozygous for, what are their phenotypes? What is the probability of them having a child with six fingers? A child with five fingers?2) For this problem, use the information given in Question 1. If both the mother and father are heterozygous for six fingers, what is the probability of having these characteristics in their offspring? What is the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?3) In certain flowers, color is inherited by genes that have incomplete dominance. In such flowers, a cross between a homozygous red flower and a homozygous white flower will always result in a pink flower. A cross is made between two pink flowers. What is the phenotypic ratio of the colors red, pink and white appearing in the offspring?4) Coat color of Labrador Retrievers is dictated by interactions among alleles of two gene pairs (epistasis). For one gene pair, black (B) coat color is dominant to brown (b), but another gene determines if any melanin pigment is deposited in individual hairs. Two recessive alleles (ee) of this gene block deposition, and a yellow coat results. Determine the coat color of each Labrador genotype given.BBEe_______________ BbEe___________________bbee________________ BBee___________________5) In humans, the allele for type A blood and the allele for type B blood show codominance. A person with both alleles has blood type AB. Both A and B dominate type O. A person with an allelefor type B blood and type O blood marries someone with an allele for type A blood and type B blood. List the blood types of the offspring they could have and the probability for each blood type in the offspring.[Hint: In humans, blood types are determined by the type of sugar molecule added to the surface of the red blood cells. The letter for the gene encoding the enzyme that can add this sugar is often designated I. Often the A and B alleles are written as a superscript to the dominant, upper case I: IA and IB. The recessive allele, lowercase i, codes for an enzyme that does not add a sugar molecule at all, resulting in Type O blood.]6) For this problem, use the information given in Question 5. A woman with type B blood gave birth to a baby with type O blood. In a court case, she claims that a certain man is the father of her child. The man has type A blood. Could he be the father? Can it be proven on this evidence alone that he is the father?7) In horses, black (B) color dominates chestnut (b) color. The trotting gait (T) dominates the pacing (t) gait. A cross is made between a horse BBTt x BbTt. List the probable genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from such a cross.8) If an F1 offspring (pick any from above cross in Question 7) is mated with a black pacer, give the phenotypic ratio of their offspring.9) In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting (H) dominates the condition for nonclotting orhemophilia (h). Both alleles are linked to the X chromosome. A male non-hemophiliac marries a woman who is a carrier for this condition. In this respect, a carrier is a woman who has an allele fornormal blood clotting and an allele for hemophilia. What are the chances that if they have a male child he will be normal for blood clotting?[Hint: In humans, females are XX while males are XY; sex-linked traits can be written as a superscript of the sex chromosome to which they are linked. In this case: XH or Xh.]10) For this problem, use the information given in Question 11. A boy has hemophilia, but neither his parents nor his grandparents have the disease. What are the genotypes of his parents? What are the genotypes of his grandparents (mother’s parents)?Allele: A particular version of a gene at a location in a chromosome. Also defined as: Alternative forms of a gene. Mutations can create new alleles. Autosome: A chromosome other than a sex chromosome i.e.chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining sex. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes.Carrier: Heterozygous individual who has no apparent abnormality but can pass on an allele for a recessively inherited genetic disorder. Characteristic: A feature that can be inherited. Characteristic vs. trait: Characteristic = hair color trait = blond Chromosome: A coiled rod shaped structure of DNA and protein found in the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells and visable during cell division. Humans in their diploid cells, have 2 set of chromosomes in 22 autosomal pair and 1 sex pair of chromosomes. In human sperm or egg, you have one set of chromosomes in 22 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome.Complete dominance: When different alleles of the same trait are present, one allele expresses itself and masks the expression of all other alleles of the same trait. Dihybrid Cross: A cross involving two pairs of traits. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid which is the genetic material of most organisms. Made of 2 nucleotide polymeres (sugar-phosphate-base) bound at their bases in a helix configuration. DNA contains gene and non-gene segments of nucleotides. Diploid: Having 2 set of genes and chromosomes (2n), one set from each parent. Dominance: In a heterozygote, the allele phenotypically expressed. The correct term is complete dominance. The allele that is expressed is called the dominant allele. The allele that is not expressed is called the recessive allele. Dominant alleles are shown with a capital letter; recessive with a small letter. Traditionally, the dominant allele is written first i.e. a big D then little d in a heterozygote, Dd. Fertilization: When a sperm (or pollen in plants) unites with an egg. Since sperm and egg each contain one set of chromosomes, fertilization produces a diploid (2n) cell containing two sets of chromosomes. In humans and plants, this “first” cell is called a zygote. Gametes: Male (sperm or