PSY 331 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. MethodologyII. The Selfa. William JamesIII. The “Me”IV. Self-Concepta. Differencesb. Self-concept over developmentV. The “I" Outline of Current Lecture I. Self-Esteem introII. Experience of Self Esteem a. Rosenberg Self-EsteemIII. Self-Esteem scalea. Why do we have self-esteem?IV. Sociometer hypothesisa. Evolutionary mechanismb. Warning mechanismV. Leary studya. Results Current Lecture- Self-Esteemo An Evaluation of one’s self Example: the worst boxer can have a higher self-esteem than the second best boxer because the second best strives to be the best but the worst doesn’t care.- Experience of self-esteemo Non-conscious evaluation process We only know the end result Emotional “gut feeling” o Measurement Cant directly assesso Rosenberg self- esteem scaleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. 4-9 point scale, from “ strongly disagree” to “ strongly agree” Instructions-please answer each item according to how you feel in general, not specifically at this moment. - Self esteem scaleo General, overall questions Trait self-esteemo Score High vs. lowo Most people: Above the scale midpoint “low” is only relativeo Why do people have self-esteem  Sociometer hypothesis  Theory about function of self-esteem- Leary (1995)\fundamental need/ motive: social inclusion- Sociometer hypothesiso Warning mechanism Monitor: non-conscious process Inform: bring to conscious awareness Motivate: actions to changeo Motivation Affect/emotion- Feel/bad We want to avoid bad feelings- Similar to hunger- Self-esteemo Self-esteem is this warning mechanismo Function like a gas gauge Sensitive to inclusion/exclusion- Exclusion in particular Self-esteem itself not an end - Under lying processes are key Different people calibrate differently - Leary Studyo Participant in groups of 5 rate selves, write short essayso Trade responses o Rate work with preferenceso Only 3 of 5 picked for groupo Manipulation Include/excluded Based on preferences/ randomo Rate self-esteem feelings (good/bad, competent/incompetent)o Results Lower self-rating (lower self-esteem) when excluded- Only when by preferences, not random Implications- Exclusions itself doesn’t necessary affect self-esteem- Only when someone’s “exclusion ability” implicationo Suggestion something about you caused ito Something others