PSY 331 social PSY Lecture 20 Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 4Chapter 5Current LectureChapter 4:- Schemas- Scripts (a type of schema)- Activating schemas can affect behavior- Priming-when recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases accessibility of certain schemas- Hindsight Biaso Tendency to overestimate ability to have foreseen outcomeo Desire to make sense of thingso Knew it all along- Counterfactual thinkingo Tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened.- Reasoning we do this:o Helps emotionally- Heuristics: Time-saving mental shortcutso Can be biased inaccurate Representativeness (student or teacher) Availability (example car problems) Anchoring and adjustment (example: population in Cincinnati?)- Thought suppressiono The attempt to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousnesso Why it backfiresThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Automatic monitoring process (implicit cognitive) & operating process (explicit cognitive)- Person perceptiono How we draw conclusion about other people- Nonverbal behavioro First impression- Nonconscious mimicry:o Tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, mannerisms of interaction partners w/o conscious awareness.- Each of us is “naïve scientist” trying to figure out why people do what they do- Internal and external attributions- Corresponding inference theoryo Social desirabilityo Choiceo Non-common effects- Covariation modelo Covariation principleo Discounting principle- To assess covariation, we rely on 3 kinds of info:- Consistency – does the person always react the same way?- Consensus – do others react the same way?- Distinctiveness – does the person react the same way to other things?- Fundamental attribution erroro Cultural differences- Actor-observer effectChapter 5- Attitude o A positive or negative evaluation of an object- Implicit and explicit attitudes- Dual attitudeo Simultaneously possessing contradictory implicit and explicit attitudes- What else shapes attitudes?o Reference groups Large or small Shapes social and political attitudes- How do automatic processes shape attitude?o Mere-exposure effecto Effect of changes in body posture, head movement and facial expression- Conditioning shapes attitudeo Classical conditioning Learning through association o Operant conditioning  Learning through punishment or reward- Cognitive dissonanceo A feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action inconsistent with one’s belief.o When is cognitive dissonance most likely to occur? Attitude-behavior discrepancy important to self - Perception of free choice- Reasons to justify behavior are weak- Individualist cultures- Individual differences- Self-perception theoryo We often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes by observing our behavior- The theory of planned behavioro People’s decisions to engage in specific actions are determined by their attitudes toward the behavior, the relevant subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control.o Behavioral intentions most predictive- Persuasiono Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) Persuasion messages can change attitudes in two ways:- Central route processing- Peripheral route processing - Source influences on persuasion:- Source credibility o Sleeper effect- Attractivenesso Physical appearance o Likabilityo Similarity - Other aspects of a persuasive messages:o Rapid speecho Fearo Humoro Two-sided messages- Counterarguments o What happens if we resist?o What happens if we fail in generating adequate counterarguments?o What if we impressed with our own ability to counter argue? What If not