PSY 331 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapter 1:- Important principles in social psychology o The self-symbol-using can reflect on own behavioro Self-serving bias- Conscious experience, knowledge, roles- Physical appearance, sports game, incorporated in self.- Tendency to take credit (self-serving bias)- Interactionismo Person X situation Only to both of these- Explicit vs. implicit cognitiveo Explicit – deliberate, consciouso Implicit- automatic, outside awareness- Cultureo Collectivism & individualism- Evolutionary Perspective o Evolution shapes universal social behaviorReview questionsChapter 11. Define social psychology and describe what is meant by social influence.2. Differentiate between psychological and sociological social psychology.3. Indicate how self awareness help us to adapt to a complex and changing social environment4. Discuss differences between explicit and implicit cognition.5. Differentiate between individualism and collectivism.6. Describe positive psychology and describe what followers of this approach study. Tip: know how to apply a theory or an experiment to an example!1. Sociological social psychology emphasizes the role of _____ when explaining social behavior.a. Groupsb. The individualc. Self-perceptiond. Self-awarenessAnswer: A2. Positive psychology focuses on _____.a. The positive relationship between environmental variables and behaviorb. Ways to enrich human experience and maximize human functioningc. Unhappinessd. Explicit rather than implicit cognitions, as explicit are generally more positive. Answer: B Chapter 2:- Research methods in social psychologyo Basic vs. applied researcho Developing a theory & selecting a method Important terms:- Variables- Operational definition- Obtaining approval to conduct the studyo Important terms: Institutional review boards (IRBS) Deception Confederates Informed consent Debriefingo Collect data o Analyze data, reevaluate theory & report result o Common methods Observational research –description Correlation research –capturing relationships Experimental research – cause & effect- Independent as dependent variable Meta – analysis Review questions chapter 2:1. Distinguish between basic and applied research2. List the 6 major steps involved in the research process.3. Describe two different types of deception4. State what positive and negative correlations mean and how researchers establish the strength of the relationship between variables. 5. Distinguish between independent and dependent variables. 6. Difference between random selection and random assignment. 7. Define implicit and explicit. Example MC Question:1. A type of research that is designed to increase the understanding of and solutions to real-world problems is called _____ research.a. Basicb. Appliedc. Correlationald. Experimental Answer: B 2. The use of statistical techniques to summarize research results from a number of different studies is known as _____.a. Inferential statisticsb. Meta-analysisc. Descriptive statisticsd. Correlational analysisAnswer: B Chapter 3- Self-handicapping - Self-monitoring-fitting self-presentation to context- Self esteem- gauge of exclusiono Self-enhancement & self-verification motiveso Dimensions of self-esteem Stability Implicit vs. explicit- The self- a symbol using, reflective social beingo “I”- self as subject of awarenesso “Me”- self as object of awareness- Self-awarenesso Different private vs. Public- Self-regulation-control & direct actions- Gender identity- Interdependent & independent self o Cultural frame-switching- Strategic self-presentationo Ingratiationo Modesty o Self-promotiono Exemplificationo Intimidationo Supplication- Self-evaluationo Reflection vs. comparison Relevance vs. closeness - Self-handicapping- Self-monitoring-fitting self-presentation to context- Self-esteem-gauge of exclusion Review questions chapter 3:1. Describe how self-awareness involves reflective thinking.2. Indicate differences between private and public self-awareness. 3. Discuss how high self-esteem may have a “dark side”. 4. Explain how, according to self-evaluation maintenance model, self-esteem is maintained via social reflection and social comparison. Example questions:1. The sum total of a person’s thought and feelings that defines the self as an object is known as one’s _____. a. Self-esteemb. Self-conceptc. Self-awarenessd. Self-consciousnessAnswer: B2. Being aware of one’s physical appearance and the way one talks and behaves in front of others is known as ____. a. Private self- awarenessb. Private self-consciousnessc. Public self-awarenessd. Public self-consciousnessAnswer: CLecture review:- Self-Esteemo An Evaluation of one’s self Example: the worst boxer can have a higher self-esteem than the second best boxer because the second best strives to be the best but the worst doesn’t care.- Sociometer hypothesiso Warning mechanism Monitor: non-conscious process Inform: bring to conscious awareness Motivate: actions to changeo Motivation Affect/emotion- Feel/bad We want to avoid bad feelings- Similar to hunger- Leary Studyo Participant in groups of 5 rate selves, write short essayso Trade responses o Rate work with preferenceso Only 3 of 5 picked for groupo Manipulation Include/excluded Based on preferences/ randomo Rate self-esteem feelings (good/bad, competent/incompetent)o Results Lower self-rating (lower self-esteem) when excluded- Only when by preferences, not random Implications- Exclusions itself doesn’t necessary affect self-esteem- Only when someone’s “exclusion ability” implicationo Suggestion something about you caused ito Something others dislike - High vs. lowo Which is better? Common finding / assumption- High self-esteem is good, low is bado Can thousands of self-esteem of self-help books be wrong? Quite possibly!- Dark side of high self-esteemo Baumeister, Smart and Boden (1996): Biolenceo More conventional wisdom: Violence used to gain self-esteem Low self-esteem need enhancement, so they pursue it. Violence ( or otherwise)o Actually: High self- esteem(HSE) seek success, low self-esteem(LSE) avoid failure HSE expect success, confident- Able to take risk LSE aren’t & don’to Initiating violent confrontation Creating test for self- Risky?o You bet!- Need confidence to take on