• Critical summaries: ⁃ the question merges into the text itself⁃ the parts of summarizing something and questioning something need to be completely distinguishable⁃ start off as neutral as possible and introduce the ideas⁃ then say this is my issue with this⁃ make the person you are criticizing strong then voice your opinion⁃ "this is a weak argument because…."⁃ For Freud there is a new text on blackboard• Title of Darwin's Work: The Descent of Man⁃ What you inherit does not give you that feature, however it passes on the ability to acquire or develop that feature⁃ when he talks of "arts" he means technical stuff not our understanding of art, he means what techniques we develop to survive⁃ descriptive prescriptive⁃ darwin offered a description of what is going on in evolution⁃ natural selection is a mechanism that works in evolution and does not determine what traits are good or bad⁃ when the environment changes, the "successful" traits change⁃ those features that describe "goodness" are relative to an environment says nothing about how things SHOULD develop⁃ social darwinism⁃ if we help those who are not fit to survive we are also damaging ourselves⁃ does darwin say "that one ought to adapt to his own environment"⁃ is it better to adapt?⁃ doing whats good may not always be beneficial to your society⁃ primitive societies are at a great disadvantage in the modern world⁃ "survival of the fittest" is misleading because it suggests that what is passed on is only what is practical⁃ the tale of the peacock shows that practical traits are not always passed on because the peacock can not fly, but has been adapted to be more beautiful to attract a mate which is not necessarily a practical trait⁃ sexual attraction is a vital influence on inheritance and variation⁃ Darwin does not accurately discuss genes⁃ there is also chance in reproduction⁃ an animal who has a really good gene could possibly fail to pass on that gene because it is recessive and the partner does not also possess that gene⁃ there is a lot of chance involved⁃ geological change⁃ "the history of the world"⁃ a battle between the church and science⁃ religion should be considered in terms of morality⁃ experience and experiments should be considered in terms of science⁃ Wallace tried to steal Darwin's idea and prompted Darwin to publish his book⁃ Darwin's main issues (facts that make up the theory of evolution):1. There is variation⁃ he saw that there were different birds and species with slightly different variations (Galapagos)2. Inheritence⁃ parents tend to pass some of their features off to their offspring⁃ there is the issue of "how does inheritance work?"⁃ is NOT related to the question - "how is the transition from matter to lifepossible?"⁃ Lamarck - you have acquired characteristics (you continue to acquire during lifetime) and those can be inherited⁃ The issue is that acquired characteristics can not be inherited⁃ there is this notion that you can not inherit acquired characteristics⁃ not necessarily true for man⁃ we inherit traits from culture⁃ these features are to some degree a result of natural selection⁃ mankind is always improving⁃ the degree of this is different in men then animals⁃ man is capable of manipulating his environment⁃ concept of imitation: what we do when we see others is imitate them because we see what is beneficial⁃ we form tribes - we are more successful in tribes⁃ this social feature makes us sensitive to other people's praise and blame⁃ praise and disapproval motivates us to behave is certain ways sao that we can be appreciated3. There is always an increase in population⁃ all animals always continue to produce more young4. Limited Resources⁃ conflicts with the increase in population⁃ there is a struggle for survival⁃ those who survive are those who are more equipped to handle the environment⁃ certain animals (possessing certain traits) were more likely to produce more offspring and those offspring tend to have a higher rate of survival⁃ constant change relative to fitness⁃ "fitness" - being adapted to your environment⁃ does not mean that you are always successful but you are successful in a certain