EXAM 1 OUTLINE CHAPTER 16 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1 OVERVIEW Endocrine system acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells A Comparisons between the Endocrine system and the Nervous system Rapid response versus slow response Acts via neurotransmitters versus hormones Acts at specific locations versus diffuse locations Short duration versus long duration B Controls and integrates several body functions Reproduction Growth and development Immune system body defenses Electrolyte water and nutrient balance Metabolism and energy balance C Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands i Which organs glands have both D Hormones i ii iii iv i ii iii iv v i ii iii Definition Two main classes 1 Amino acid based 2 Steroids Target cell activity what makes it a target cell 1 Based on location of receptors and chemical nature a Water soluble amino acid based except thyroid hormone Uses second messengers due to inability to enter cell 1 cAMP i 2 PIP2 calcium b Lipid soluble steroid and thyroid hormones i Direct gene activation via intracellular receptors E Hormone Release Endocrine gland stimuli 1 Humoral stimuli 2 Neural stimuli 3 Hormonal stimuli Nervous system modulation F Target cell specificity Blood levels Number of receptors 1 Up regulation 2 Down regulation Affinity G Interaction of hormones Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism 2 THE HYPOTHALAMUS A Neuroendocrine gland 3 PITUITARY A Posterior lobe neurohypophysis i Oxytocin 1 Uterine contraction i ii i ii iii i ii iii i ii iii 2 Connected to the pituitary via the infundibulum 1 Posterior pituitary via hypothalamic hypophyseal tract 2 Anterior pituitary via capillary and plexuses Produces 2 neurohormones that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary 1 Oxytocin 2 ADH Secretes inhibiting and releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary ii 2 Milk let down 3 Brain neurotransmitter love hormone Antidiuretic hormone ADH 1 Monitors solute concentration using osmoreceptors 2 Prevents urine formation by reabsorption of water at the kidney tubules 3 Inhibited by alcohol and diuretics a Homeostatic imbalances Diabetes insipidus Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion SIADH i ii B Anterior lobe adenohypophysis i ii Use 2nd messenger systems 4 of 6 hormones secreted are tropic hormones 1 Growth hormone GH a Homeostatic imbalances 2 Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH a Homeostatic imbalances 3 Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH a Homeostatic imbalances Hyposecretion Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Hypersecretion 4 Follicle stimulating hormone FSH a Homeostatic imbalances Hyposecretion Hypersecretion 5 Luteinizing hormone LH a Homeostatic imbalances Hyposecretion Hypersecretion 6 Prolactin PRL a Homeostatic imbalances Hyposecretion Hypersecretion i ii i ii i ii i ii i ii i ii C Thyroid gland 3 Structure Function s Thyroid hormone 1 T3 triiodothyronine 2 T4 thyroxine Regulation Homeostatic Imbalances 1 Hypersecretion 2 Hyposecretion Calcitonin 1 Function 2 Homeostatic imbalance D Parathyroid Gland Structure Functions Regulation Homeostatic imbalance E Adrenal Gland Structure 1 Adrenal cortex 2 Adrenal medulla Functions Hormones 1 Adrenal cortex i ii iii iv v vi i ii iii iv i ii iii iv v F Pineal gland i Structure 4 a 3 layers and hormones produced from each regions 2 Adrenal Medulla Regulation of hormones 1 Adrenal cortex 2 Adrenal Medulla Homeostatic imbalances for each hormone include specific diseases 1 Aldosteronism 2 Cushing s syndrome 3 Addison s disease 4 Adrenogenital syndrome 5 Effects of stress on release and regulation of adrenal hormones ii iii Function Hormone s 4 OTHER ENDOCRINE ORGANS A PANCREAS i ii iii iv Structure Function s Hormones 1 Alpha cells 2 Beta cells Homeostatic imbalance 1 DM a Type 1 b Type 2 c Cardinal signs 2 Hyperinsulinism B Gonads and placenta i Hormones C Adipose tissue i Hormones D GI tract E Heart F Kidneys G Skeleton H Skin I Thymus 2 CHAPTER 17 BLOOD A 3 functions of blood i Transport ii Regulation 5 i Hormones J Aging and environmental effects on the endocrine system iii Protection B Composition of blood i Structure 1 Suspension a Buffy coat b Plasma c RBCs Fluid connective tissue 1 Matrix plasma 2 Cells formed elements a RBCs Erythrocytes b WBCs leukocytes c Platelets thrombocytes 3 Physical characteristics color taste a pH b c d volume e plasma protein s C Erythrocytes ii i ii iii iv Structure 1 Perfect example of Complementarity of structure and function 2 Biconcave disc 3 Hemoglobin Function Production of RBCs 1 Erythropoiesis vs hematopoiesis Regulation and production of RBCs 1 Hormonal controls a Response to oxygen levels 2 Dietary requirements a Amino acids Lipids carbohydrates b c Vitamin B12 and folic acid Iron v Homeostatic imbalance 1 Anemias 6 Function Defense against disease depends on the specific cell type leukocytosis 2 main classes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas most to least numerous 1 Granulocytes a Basophils a Blood loss 2 causes b Not enough RBCs produced 4 causes i PAIR c Too many being destroyed i ii Thalassemias Sickle cell anemia 2 Polycythemias a Polycythemia vera b Secondary Blood doping i D Leukocytes Structure only complete cells i ii iii iv v 7 b Eosinophils c Neutrophils 2 Agranulocytes a Lymphocytes b Monocytes Production 1 Leukopoiesis Homeostatic imbalance 1 Leukemias 2 Infectious Mononucleosis 3 Leukopenia E Thrombocytes Platelets i ii iii iv Structure Function Production Regulation 1 Hemostasis a Vascular spasm b Platelet plug formation c Coagulation v 2 Clot retraction and fibrinolysis Homeostatic imbalance 1 Thromboembolic disorders 2 Bleeding disorders F Blood Transfusions i Human blood groups 1 ABO a Type A b Type B c Type AB d Type O 2 RH factor ii Homeostatic imbalance 1 Hemolytic disease of newborns 2 Transfusion reactions 8 3 Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC 3 CHAPTER 20 LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND LYMPHOID ORGANS A Lymphatic system returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood consists of three parts 1 NETWORK OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS LYMPHATICS 2 LYMPH FLUID IN VESSELS 3 LYMPH NODES CLEANSE LYMPH B Function provide structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes C Structures spleen thymus tonsils lymph nodes other lymphoid tissues D Lymphatic capillaries i Structure ii Function E Lymphatic vessels Trunks Ducts 1 Right lymphatic duct 2 Thoracic duct Homeostatic imbalance F Lymphatic transport i ii iii i ii 9 Low pressure systems which utilize additional mechanisms to propel