BIO 211ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYIILECTURE OUTLINEPrepared by:David T. Corey, Ph.D.Science DepartmentMidlands Technical CollegeP.O. Box 2408Columbia, SC 29202 All rights reserved by David T. Corey, 20012ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY IILECTURE OUTLINEBIO 211David T. Corey, Ph.D.Midlands Technical CollegeScience Department, Beltline CampusP.O. Box 2408Columbia, SC 29202Copyright  2001All rights reserved. No part of this outline may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise by anyone without prior written permission of David T. Corey.TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE3The Endocrine System 5Blood 11The Lymphatic System 17Nonspecific body Defenses: Immunity 21The Circulatory System: The Heart 24 The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels 29The Respiratory System 36The Digestive System 44Nutrition, Metbolism, & Body Temperature 52The Urinary System 64Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 71The Reproductive System 75Pregnancy And Human Development 84Heredity 884 ENDOCRINE SYSTEMTwo regulatory systems (coordinate & integrate)are involved in delivering messages and coordinating various body functions:1). - uses hormones - study of hormones and endocrine glands is called:5 2). - uses electrochemical impulsesEndocrine glands:Exocrine glands:The endocrine system affects bodily activites by releasing chemical messengers, called hormones, into the bloodstream and carriedto target cells. - hormones may take several hours to work - tend to last longer than effects of NS stimulationFUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCINE SYSTEM1). Brings about changes in metabolic activities of body tissues in order to regulate and coordinate body functions in order to maintain ________________ . 2). Help control the internal environment by regulating its chemical composition, volume (water & electrolyte balance).3). Respond to changes in environment in order for body to cope with: infection, trauma, emotional stress, dehydration, stravation, hemorrhage, temperature extremes, etc.4). Aid in transport of substances through cell membranes.5). Integration of growth and development.6). Reproduction MAJOR COMPONENTS (To name afew)- Hypothalamus- Pituitary gland6- Pineal gland- Thyroid gland- Parathyroid gland- Thymus gland- Pancreas- Adrenal glands- Gonads (sex glands: ovaries & testes)HORMONES- chemical messengers which are potent chemicals- secreted by glands and tissues- carried to target organs by the blood stream- secreted in very small amounts- bring about their characteristic effects on target cells by altering cell activity by stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular processes- cell responses to hormones may involve changes in membrane permeability, enzyme synthesis, activation or inhibition, secretory activity, and gene activationThree major classes of hormones1). Water soluble: derived from amino acids, nonsteroids  initiate their action by combining with a specific receptor in the cell membrane - exert their signaling effect through intracellular second messengers = cyclic AMP 1. Hormone receptor - a hormone acting as the first receptor binds to its receptor site on cell membrane 2. G protein: 3. Adenylate cyclase: 4. Steps 1 -3 lead to activation of protein kinases and other enzymes which leads to cellular response 2). Lipid soluble: derived from cholesterol, steroids  act on nuclear DNA to promote the synthesis of particular proteins that produce the characteristic hormonal effect73). Eicosanoids: “Local Hormones” are biologically active lipids released from nearly all cell membranesa. Leukotrienes: b. Prostaglandins:Circulating Hormones Effects1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability and/or electrical state2. Synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules3. Activation or deactivation of enzymes4. Induction of secretory activity5. Stimulation of mitosis Half-life, Onset, and Duration of Hormone Activity- half-life: persistence of a hormone in the blood, can be as brief as a fraction of a minute to as long as 30 minutes- time required for hormone effects to occur varies greatly: immediate to several hours to several days- duration of action: 20 minutes to several hours- some hormones are rapidly degraded by enzymes within their target cells, but most are removed from the blood by the kidney and liver HORMONAL CONTROL1). Negative feedback:2). Postive feedback:3). Nervous system control  glands stimulated by nervous stimuli  Interaction between the endocrine gland and the hypothalamusHORMONES: THEIR LOCATION & FUNCTIONA. Pituitary hormones 1. Anterior lobe - Growth hormone: accelerates body growth - Thyroid-stimulating hormone: stimulates growth and secretion of thyroid gland8 - Adrenocortiotrophic hormone: stimulates growth and secretion of adrenal cortex Gonadotropins includes two hormones: regulate the function of the gonads - Follicle-stimulating hormone: growth of ovarian follicle in females and production of sperm in males - Luteinizing hormone: secretion of sex hormones - Prolactin: Milk production 2. Posterior lobe - Antidiuretic hormone: maintains water balance by reducing urinary output - Oxytocin: lactation and contractions of smooth muscles of the uterusB. Thyroid gland - Throxine: controls rate of metabolism - Calcitonin: decreases calcium levels in blood by increasing osteoblast activity C. Parathyroid gland - Parathyroid hormone: increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing osteoclast activityD. Pancreas - Insulin: decrease levels of blood glucose - Glucagon: increase levels of blood glucoseE. Pineal Gland - Melatonin: circadian rhythmus (serotonin), may influence beginning of puberty & onset of menstruationF. Thymus gland - Thymosin: effects production of lymphocytes (WBC)9G. Adrenal glands 1. Adrenal cortex - Aldosterone: increases blood levels of sodium and water, decreases blood levels of potassium - Cortisol: promotes normal metabolism, resistance to stress - Adrenal sex hormones: supplement sex hormones, converted to estrogen in females 2. Adrenal medulla - Epinephrine (Adrenalin) & Norepinephrine: prepares the body to meet emergencies effects sympathetic division of the ANSH. Ovaries - Estrogen & Progesterone: prepare uterus for embryo implantation, helps maintain pregnancy Estrogen: development of female