Hormones for Exam I Releasing Stimulus Major Actions Gland Hormone Target Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary GHRH GHIH somatostatin Anterior Pituitary PRF Anterior Pituitary PIH dopamine CRH TRH GnRH Hypothalamus synthesis Posterior Pituitary secretion ADH vasopressin Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary blood GH IGFs blood GH IGFs Estrogen progesterone placental lactogen Estrogen Stress blood T4 T3 blood gonadal hormones blood osmolarity detected by chemoreceptors blood volume detected by baroreceptors Angiotensin II Uterine and cervical stretch receptors suckling reflex Collecting duct of kidney vascular smooth muscle high levels Uterine smooth muscle myoepithelial cells of breast limbic system neurons Anterior Pituitary GH Liver other tissues GHRH Stimulates release of GH Inhibits release of GH Stimulates release of PRL Inhibits release of PRL Stimulates release of POMC ACTH Stimulates release of TSH Stimulates release of FSH LH Insertion of aquaporins and water reabsorption at collecting ducts vasoconstriction high levels Uterine contraction childbirth letdown reflex milk ejection at breast as a neurotransmitter stimulates pair bonding Direct anti insulin increased fat breakdown and release increased blood glucose Indirect growth promoting stimulates release of insulin like growth factors IGFs promotes increased cartilage formation skeletal growth protein synthesis cell growth and proliferation Promotes lactation Breast Adrenal cortex Thyroid Gonads Gonads PIH dopamine indirectly by estrogen suckling CRH TRH GnRH GnRH Glucocorticoid cortisol release Thyroxine T4 T3 release Production of gametes Production of gonadal hormones Sleep centers light levels Regulates sleep wake patterns Oxytocin PRL ACTH TSH FSH LH Pineal Melatonin Gland Hormone Thyroid Thyroxine T4 T3 Calcitonin Parathyroid PTH Thymus Thymulin thymopoietins thymosins Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Adrenal Cortex Zona Glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids aldosterone Zona Fasiculata primarily Glucocorticoids cortisol Zona Reticularis primarily Gonadocorticoids androgens Target Releasing Stimulus Major Actions Pretty much every cell in the body Skeleton TSH blood Ca Bone and kidneys blood Ca Increased basal metabolic rate normal development and growth pharmacological doses inhibits osteoclast activity inhibits release of Ca from bone stimulates Ca uptake and incorporation into bone matrix lowers blood Ca levels Stimulates osteoclast activity release of Ca from bone to blood enhances reabsorption of Ca at kidney promotes activation of vitamin D by kidney which enhances Ca absorption from intestine raises blood Ca levels T lymphocytes Unknown Normal development of T cells immune response Most cells Liver blood glucose blood glucose SNS stimulation rising amino acid levels Kidney distal convoluted tubule collecting duct Nearly every cell blood volume blood pressure Angiotensin II blood K blood Na secondarily by ACTH ACTH ACTH but no feedback inhibition of ACTH release by androgens In females axillary and pubic hair follicles neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus Stimulates cells to take up glucose from blood Glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis release of glucose from liver to blood Stimulates Na and water reabsorption K secretion Gluconeogenesis fat mobilization proteolysis glucose sparing enhances vasoconstriction to aid SNS attempts to increase blood pressure contributes to salt and water retention anti inflammatory In females axillary and pubic hair development may contribute to sex drive in adult women provide estrogens after menopause No significant effects in males Gland Hormone Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine NE SNS stimulation Target Releasing Stimulus Major Actions VMH Cardiac muscle smooth muscle kidney adipose tissue Reproductive organs Testes Testosterone Testosterone LH and declining levels of inhibin produced by sustentocytes Promotion of secondary sex characteristics and somatic effects LH and declining levels of inhibin produced by sustentocytes Testosterone Brain Testosterone Metabolic effects LH and declining levels of inhibin produced by sustentocytes LH and declining levels of inhibin produced by sustentocytes Ovaries Estrogen Reproductive organs FSH and LH Estrogen Promotion of secondary sex FSH and LH Increases heart rate and contractility promotes vasoconstriction digestive and urinary visceral organ relaxation bronchodilation constriction of visceral organ sphincters dilates pupils of eyes stimulates renin release by kidney stimulates lipolysis by adipose cells Formation of male reproductive ducts glands and external genitalia Promotes descent of the testes Stimulates growth and maturation of the internal and external genitalia at puberty maintains their adult size and function Required for normal spermatogenesis Suppresses mammary gland development Stimulates growth spurt at puberty promotes increased skeletal and muscle mass during adolescence Promotes growth of the larynx and vocal cords and deepening of the voice Enhances sebum secretion and hair growth especially on the face axillae genital region and chest Responsible for libido in males promotes aggressiveness Generally anabolic Stimulates hematopoiesis Enhances the basal metabolic rate Stimulates growth and maturation of reproductive organs and breasts at puberty Promote the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle Stimulate production of watery cervical mucus and activity of fimbriae and uterine tube cilia Promotes oogenesis and ovulation Stimulates capacitation of sperm in the female reproductive tract Stimulates growth of the uterus and enlargement of the external genitalia and mammary glands during pregnancy Promotes long bone growth and feminization of the skeleton inhibit bone reabsorption stimulate epiphyseal closure Promotes characteristics and somatic effects hydration of the skin and female pattern of fat deposit Works with relaxin to induce softening and relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis during pregnancy Gland Hormone Target Releasing Stimulus Major Actions Ovaries Estrogen Estrogen Progesterone Brain Metabolic effects FSH and LH FSH and LH Reproductive organs LH Partially responsible along with DHEA for female libido Generally anabolic Stimulates Na reabsorption by the renal tubules inhibiting diuresis Enhances HDL and reduces LDL levels With estrogen stimulates growth of breasts Promotes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle Stimulates production of viscous cervical