Continuation of Environmental Biology Broad Classifications Lecture 29 1 Parts of a phylogenetic tree a Root i ii i ii Common ancestor to all members of a tree The ancestor of all descendants b Nodes or branch points Ancestral lineage splits into 2 or more descendant lineages 1 Speciation event Represents common ancestors of descendants c Branches i A lineage 1 Derived characters a How lineage is different i ii iii i ii i ii iii d Leaf tip Operational taxonomic unit Taxon of interest The descendants 2 Some more terms to know a Character a heritable attribute of an organism i Morphological molecular ecological etc b Ancestral character a trait inherited from the common ancestor of a group Original trait Plesiomorphy c Derived character a trait unique to a group of organisms A new trait Apomorphy They are indicated along lineages in which they evolved The earliest branch in the tree represents the common ancestor of the outgroup lamprey and the ingroup the remaining species of vertebrates d a 3 Domains Three domains Archaea i Circular chromosome 1 2 Some branched hydrocarbon membrane lipids 3 Several kinds of RNA polymerase 4 Methionine initiator amino acid for protein synthesis 5 6 Histones associated with DNA are present in some species 7 Circular chromosome Introns are present in some genes 8 Some species grow at temperatures greater than 100 degrees celsius ii Bacteria Circular chromosome 1 2 Peptidoglycan in cell wall 3 Unbranched hydrocarbon membrane lipids 4 One kind of RNA polymerase 5 Formylmethionine initiator amino acid for protein synthesis 6 Very rare for introns in genes 7 Growth usually inhibited as a response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol 8 Circular chromosome iii Eukarya 1 Nuclear envelope 2 Membrane enclosed organelles 3 Unbranched hydrocarbon membrane lipids 4 Several kinds of RNA polymerase 5 Methionine initiator amino acid for protein synthesis 6 7 Histones associated with DNA are present Introns are present in many genes b Six kingdoms i ii iii iv v vi Eubacteria 1 Bacteria domain Archaebacteria 1 Archaea domain 1 Eukarya domain Protista Plantae 1 Fungi 1 Animalia Eukarya domain Eukarya domain 1 Eukarya domain 4 Cell review a Cell the smallest organization capable of all the properties of life b All organisms are made of cells c Basic features of all cells Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosomes Ribosomes i ii iii iv 5 Some terms for today a Microbe a microscopic organism Unicellular Protists bacteria archaea i ii i ii b Prokaryote an organism composed of cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus and containing no organelles c Organelle structure found in eukaryotic cells Has a specific function Surrounded by membranes d Autotroph organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic nutrients e Heterotroph organism that cannot make organic molecules i Must eat or absorb it 6 Prokaryotic characteristics a Name i ii b Size i Pro before Karyon nucleus 1 to several microns 10 6meters 1 c 3 major shapes d Unicellular e Genome all the genes i ii Circular chromosome Extrachromosomal plasmids 7 Eukaryotic cell a cell containing a nucleus and organelles a Mitochondria organelle where cellular respiration energy production takes place b Chloroplast organelle where photosynthesis takes place c Symbiosis an interaction relationship between two species who are in close proximity with one another 8 Characteristics of protists a What are protists i ii iii Protists were previously in Kingdom Protista 1 Now an encompassing term Eukaryotes that are not fungi animals or plants Protist phylogeny 1 Paraphyletic or polyphyletic Aquatic moist iv v Many are microscopic vi Solitary colonial and multicellular 9 Plants or algae a Viridiplantae i ii Green plants Clade including 1 All green algae 2 True plants b Kingdom Plantae i The embryophytes Plants with embryos 1 2 Land plants 10 Review of the plant cell a Nucleus b Rough ER c Smooth ER d Golgi apparatus e Ribosomes f Central vacuole g Cytoskeleton h Mitochondria i j k Chloroplasts Plasma membrane Cell wall 11 Photosynthesis basics a In the chloroplasts i ii Photosynthesis converting solar energy into chemical energy inside chloroplasts Contain pigments 1 Chemical compounds that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect other wavelengths of light a Absorption and reflection 2 Chlorophylls 3 Carotenoids 4 Anthocyanins 12 More terrestrial adaptations a Cuticle b Stomata i Waxy lipid layer covering the epidermis i Pores that allow gas exchange 13 Plant groups a Bryophytes b Club mosses and ferns i Monilophytes ferns ii Lycophytes club mosses c Gymnosperms d Angiosperms 14 Vascular tissue in plants a Vascular plants have 1 Xylem 2 Phloem i Vascular tissue vessels conveying water and nutrients Allows plants to grow tall Dominate terrestrial habitats b 3 types of plant tissues Dermal tissue ii iii i ii iii Forms epidermis 1 2 Protection 3 Prevent water loss a Stomata b Cuticle Ground tissue 1 Storage 2 Photosynthesis 3 Support Vascular tissue Transport 1 2 Vessels conveying water and nutrients 3 Helps them grow tall c Ground dermal and vascular tissue organized into 3 organs i Organ structures that contain two or more types of tissues 1 Roots a Functions i ii iii Anchor plant Absorb water and minerals Store carbohydrates 2 Stems a Contains leaves and buds b Functions i Maximize photosynthesis of leaves Elongation 1 2 Orientation ii iii Elevate reproductive structures Limited photosynthetic ability 3 Leaves a Functions i ii iii iv Photosynthesis Exchange gases Dissipate heat Defense 15 Gymnosperms seed plant a Naked seed Seed not protected by fruit b Produced on pine cone scale Sporophyll c 4 phyla of gymnosperms Phylum cycadophyta Phylum ginkgophyta Phylum gnetophyta Phylum coniferophyta 1 The conifers i i i ii iii iv a Bristlecone Pine i ii Oldest known species 1000s of years old b Coastal Redwood Sequoia sempervirens Tallest organism on planet i ii 2 600 species 3 Most are evergreens 4 Monoecious 5 No flagellated sperm 6 Leaves pine needles d Gymnosperms in Alabama i Longleaf Pine ii Bald Cypress 1 Deciduous 1 Longleaf Pine Forest Community a group of populations that coexist and interact with one another either directly or indirectly 2 Cypress knees a Gas exchange b Support 16 Angiosperms seed plant a Flowering plants b 250 000 species c 1 phylum i Anthophyta 1 Nonvascular plants bryophytes d e 2 Seedless vascular plants f 3 Gymnosperms g 4 Angiosperms