1 Synaptic transmission Brain and Spinal Cord 3 16 2020 a Myelin increases conduction speed b Axon terminals where synapses occur and where neurotransmitters are secreted Recall acetylcholine is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle contraction c Synapse axon terminal of the neuron to another cell Synapse could occur with another neuron dendrites cell body OR with a muscle cell neuromuscular junction Types of synapses Chemical chemical neurotransmitter regulated channel 1 2 Electrical gap junction voltage coupled channels d Neurotransmitters i When at rest they are stored in the axon terminal ii iii During action potential they are released from the axon terminals After neurotransmitter release 1 Degraded broken down 2 Re uptake recycled 2 Nervous system a Central nervous system Brain i i ii iii i ii 1 Recall bones encasing the brain Brain protection 1 Skull a Cranium b Facial bones part of the skull 2 Meninges 3 connective tissue layers of the brain protection as 3 Cerebrospinal fluid clear fluid that fills brain ventricles or internal brain chambers a The choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF b CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures c CSF flows through the subarachnoid space d CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations iii Spinal cord protection 1 Similar to the brain a Bone protection i Vertebral column b Meninges c Cerebrospinal fluid iv Spinal cord 1 Gray matter in the brain forms the cortex around cerebrum and cerebellum a The site of neuronal cell bodies and synapses 2 White matter more internal than grey matter on brain but opposite arrangement in the spinal cord a Neuronal cell nuclei are housed here in the brain b Forms the tracts of neuronal conduction in the spinal cord 3 Smooth or ridged structured due to amount of gyri or folds in 4 the brain Folds increased surface area which means higher density of neuronal cell bodies b Peripheral nervous system i Autonomic Parasympathetic 1 2 Sympathetic ii Somatic iii Enteric 1 Gut 1 Skeletal muscles 2 Only voluntary controlled branch of the nervous system 3 Brain a 3 sections i Forebrain 1 Telencephalon a Cerebrum i ii Includes the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei 4 lobes 1 Frontal 2 Temporal 3 Parietal a Reasonsing emotion b Motor control and taste a Hearing smell memory a Sensory processing and integration 4 Occipital a Vision 2 Diencephalon a Thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus ii Midbrain 1 Mesencephalon a Part of brainstem iii Hindbrain 1 Metencephalon a Pons i b Cerebellum Part of the brainstem 2 Myelencephalon a Medulla oblongata i Part of brainstem b Homology having structure that results from the same embryonic or c evolutionary origins even if differing in function 4 general considerations of the cerebral cortex Contains three types of functional areas i 1 Motor areas control voluntary movement 2 Sensory areas conscious awareness of sensation 3 Association areas integrate diverse information ii iii Each hemisphere is concerned with contralateral opposite neuronal information 1 This means that the left brain controls the right side of the body Lateralization specialization of cortical function can occur only in one hemisphere Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another iv 4 Brainstem a Midbrain relay to hindbrain b Hindbrain Pons i ii Medulla iii Cerebellum 1 Motor control 2 Posture 1 Respiration and heart rate
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