1 Biological organization Environmental Biology Lecture 28 a Atom b Molecule c Cell d Tissue e Organ f Organ system g Organism h Population i Community j Ecosystem k Biome l Biosphere 2 Terms to know a Phylogeny the evolutionary history of a species or group of species i ii Phylo race tribe kind group of organisms Geny origin development generation b Taxonomy the naming and classification of organisms Taxon a name for a group of related organisms i 1 A group of related organisms included together in a taxonomic level of classification c Binomial nomenclature Latin 2 terms used to denote a particular species d Systematics the study of classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships i Systematics connects taxonomy with phylogeny 3 Taxonomy and classification a Taxonomy how organisms are named and classified Taxo arrangement Nomy law rules custom knowledge b Common colloquial names of organisms can often cause confusion i ii i Bears 1 Grizzly bears 2 Polar bears 3 Black bears 4 Koala bears a A marsupial 5 Panda bears a Red panda i Closely related with raccoons family procyonidae 1 Now in it s own family b Giant panda Real bears family ursidae 1 Giant panda ii iii 1 Gators c Overcoming common name confusion Differences between language country regions etc i Binomial nomenclature consists of genus and species 1 Standardized name of an organism 2 Latin name a Latin is dead language No longer native language of any community i ii Will not change readily 3 Carl Linnaeus Carl von Linne d The Linnaean System of classification i Hierarchical naming system 1 Organized into categories taxa a Species i Most specific least inclusive least broad b Genus made up of many species c Family made up of many genera d Order made up of many families e Class made up of many orders f Phylum made up of many classes g Kingdom made up of many phyla h Domain made up of many kingdoms i Least specific most inclusive most broad 2 Mnemonics a Does Katy Perry Come Over For Grape Soda b Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fried Green Spinach 3 Increasing inclusive broad general categories Family alligatoridae a Species alligator mississippiensis b Genus alligator c d Order crocodylia e Class reptilia f Phylum chordata g Kingdom animalia h Domain eukarya 4 Evolution by natural selection a Genetic variation b Overproduction c Competition due to finite resources i There is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited i ii Overproduction of offspring leads to competition for survival Differential reproductive success 1 Individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes 2 Over many generations there is a change in allele frequency 5 Some more terms evolution a Character a heritable attribute of an organism i Morphological molecular ecological etc b Ancestral character a trait inherited from the common ancestor of a group i ii Original trait Plesiomorphy ancestral character Plesio near similarity close 1 2 Morph form shape 3 Having legs is plesiomorphic for this clade c Derived character trait unique to a group of organisms i ii New trait Apomorphy derived character different from ancestral form 1 Apo away separate derived 2 Morph form shape 3 Leglessness is an apomorphy for snakes d Synapomorphy shared derived characters Syn the same identical i ii Apo derived iii Morph form e Autapomorphy unique character of a particular taxon Aut self i ii Apo derived iii Morph form 6 Phylogeny a The evolutionary history of a group of organisms phylogeny can be represented by a phylogenetic tree aka evolutionary tree dendrogram i A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
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